Ingaba Iqhinga Lokufihlakele Ukudala Ibhanki Yehlabathi Elilodwa?
Ngubani ophethe i-Federal Reserve?
I-Federal Reserve yiziko elizimeleyo elisungulwe ngu-Federal Reserve Act ka-1913.
ICongress yayifuna ukuba iFed ibe neebhanki ezili-12 zengingqi zimele imimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseMerika. UMongameli uWilson wayefuna ibhodi ebalulekileyo echongiweyo karhulumente. I-compromise yayithetha ukuba i-Fed inabini.
Umongameli kunye neCongress kufuneka avumele onke amalungu eBhodi yeBhodi yeBhodi yokuGcina . Kodwa, ngamalungu abo ebhodi ngamabomu awahambelani ngokufanelekileyo nalawo amagosa akhethiweyo. UMongameli ukhetha uSihlalo we- Federal Reserve , okwangoku nguJerome Powell. ICongress kufuneka ivume ukuqeshwa kukaMongameli. USihlalo kufuneka abike ngezenzo zeFed kwiCongress.
I-Congress inokuguqula imimiselo elawula iFed. Ngokomzekelo, uMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform ulinganiselwe amandla aseFed. Ifuna i-Ofisi yoLwabiwo-mali yoRhulumente ukuphicothwa kwemali-mboleko engxamisekileyo i-Fed eyenziwe ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka - 2008 . Kwakhona kwafuna iFed ukwenza uluntu amagama ebhanki awamkele iimali-mboleko ezikhawulezileyo okanye iimali ze- TARP .
Kwakudingeka ukuba iFed ivume imvume yeSebe leNondyebo ngaphambi kokwenza iimboleko zengxamiseko, njengokuba zenzelwa yi- Bear Stearns kunye ne- AIG .
Ngaphandle koko, izigqibo zeFed akufanele zivunywe nguMongameli, abameli, okanye nayiphina igosa elikhethiweyo. Ukongezelela, i-Fed ayifumana imali yayo kwiCongress.
Amabhanki ase-Federal Reserve ase-12 asekwe ngokufanayo kwiibhanki zabucala. Bagcina imali, inkqubo yokuhlola, kwaye yenza imali mboleko kwiibhanki zabucala ngaphakathi kwendawo abalawulayo. Ezi mabhanki nazo ziyamalungu e-Federal Reserve banking system. Ngaloo ndlela, kufuneka bagcine iimfuno zokugcina . Ekubuyiseleni, banokuboleka omnye komnye kwisilinganiso sokuphuhlisa xa kufuneka.
Ukuze ube ilungu le-Federal Reserve inkqubo, iibhanki zorhwebo kufuneka zibe neengxenye zesitokethi kwi-12 yaseburhulumenteni yaseburhulumenteni yase-Federal Reserve. Kodwa ukuba neSitoreji seBhanki yeSigcino akungathi kufana nesitokisi kwinkampani yabucala. Ezi sitokhwe azikwazi ukuthengiswa. Aba banganikeli amalungelo amabhinki amalungelo okuvota. Ezi zihlawulela izabelo ezigunyazwe ngumthetho ukuba zibe ngama-6 ekhulwini.
Indlela Imisebenzi Yenkxaso Yomsebenzi
Umsebenzi omkhulu we-Fed ukusekela umgaqo-mali wokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqhubekayo kufana nomhlaza otshabalalisa nayiphi na inzuzo yokukhula. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uxanduva oluphambili lwe-Fed lube lukulungiselela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Isixhobo saso esibaluleke kakhulu sisilinganiso semali esondliwe . Ngethuba leengxaki zemali, lisebenzise izixhobo ezintsha zokuzinzisa inkqubo yebhanki yehlabathi. Ukususela ekutyekeni kwemali , kwaphinde kwathembisa ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi nokukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho.
I-Fed isebenza ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zalo zomgaqo-mali. Ukubeka ixabiso lentengo elincinane kuthiwa ngumgaqo-mali wezandiso , kwaye kwenza uqoqosho lukhule ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba uqoqosho lukhula ngokukhawuleza, lubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukunyusa ireyiti yenzalo kuthiwa ngumgaqo-mali wokuphambana . Iphucotha ukukhula koqoqosho ngokuzibolekisa kunye nezinye iindleko zemali ezibiza kakhulu. Oku kunqanda imali yokubonelela . Njengoko ixabiso liwela, amashishini aphantsi. Oku kudala ukuchaswa . Oko kuqhubela phambili abadinga ukufuna kuba abathengi balibazise ukuthenga ngelixa balinde amaxabiso ukuba awele.
I- Fed iyanciphisa amazinga omdla ? Ihlisa i-target target for the finance rate. Amabhanki ahlala esilandela ukukhokela kwe-Fed, ukusika i- Libor kunye nenani lentlawulo ebalulekileyo. I-Fed ingasebenzisa kwakhona ezinye izixhobo, ezifana nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwebhanki yexabiso lokunciphisa imali ukuboleka imali ngqo kwiwindow yeSaphulelo seFed.
Ukulwa neengxaki zemali, i-Fed yadala. Yathengisa izibambiso ezixhaswe ngemali evela kwiibhanki ngokuthe ngqo njengendlela yokupompa ukuthengiswa kwemali kwinkqubo yemali. Kwaqala kwakhona ukuthenga i- Treasurys . Bobabili ukuthengwa kwaziwa ngokuba yi -easing easing .
Abagxeki banenkxalabo yokuba iinkqubo ze-Fed ziya kudala i- hyperinflation . Batshitshisa ukuba iFed yayingokushicilela imali . Kodwa iibhanki azizange zibolekise, ngoko ke ukubonelela ngemali kwakungekho ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Esikhundleni salokho, babekhokhe imali ukuze babhale umgca wokuhlalisa izindlu. Le meko ayizange iphucule kude kube ngowama-2011. Ngelo xesha, i-Fed yayinqumle ukunciphisa ubuninzi.