Kubandakanywa iAfa, iMvuzo, kunye neNyuka yeMali
Umngcipheko xa amaxabiso empahla neenkonzo anyuke. Kukho ezine iindidi eziphambili zokunyuka kwamaxabiso, zihlulwe ngesantya. Zihamba ezinwabuzelayo, zihamba, zihamba kunye ne-hyperinflation. Kukho iintlobo ezithile zexabiso lentengo yexabiso lempahla kunye nokuhlawula imali. Ezinye iingcali zithi ukunyuka kwemfuno kunye nokunyuka kwamanani okunyuka kweendleko zintlobo ezimbini, kodwa zibangelwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ngoko ukwandiswa kwemali .
01 Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso
Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kukunyuka xa amaxabiso aphakama ama-3 ekhulwini ngonyaka okanye ngaphantsi. Ngokwe- Federal Reserve , xa amaxabiso akhula iipesenti ezi-2 okanye ngaphantsi kunceda ukukhula koqoqosho . Olu hlobo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lubangela ukuba abathengi balindele ukuba amaxabiso aya kuqhubeka. Oku kwandisa imfuno . Abathengi bathenga ngoku ukubetha ixabiso elizayo elizayo. Yiloo ndlela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okunyuka kwezomnotho kubangela ukwandiswa koqoqosho. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Fed ibeka iipesenti ezi-2 njengexabiso layo lokujoliswa kwexabiso lentengo . 02 Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso
Olu hlobo lomeleleyo, okanye olubi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphakathi kwama-3-10 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Inobungozi kwezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuba iyatshisa ukukhula koqoqosho ngokukhawuleza. Abantu baqala ukuthenga okungaphezulu kunokuba bafuna, ukuze baphephe amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu kusasa. Ezi mqhubi zifuna ngaphezulu, ukwenzela ukuba ababoneleli abakwazi ukuqhubeka. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, akunakho ukufumana umvuzo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpahla eziqhelekileyo kunye neenkonzo zithengwa ngokufikelela kubantu abaninzi. 03 Galloping Inflation
I-Galloping inflation yenzeke ngexesha leWWII. (Ifoto: US National Archives and Administration Records) Xa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kufikelela kuma-10 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu, kubangela ukuba uqoqosho luphazamise ngokupheleleyo. Imali ilahlekelwa yintengo ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi ishishini kunye nomqeshwa engenayo azinakukwazi ukuqhubeka kunye neendleko kunye namaxabiso. Abatyalomali basemazweni angaphandle bawucima ilizwe, belilahla imali efunekayo. Uqoqosho luya kuhlala luzinzile, kwaye iinkokheli zikaRhulumente zilahlekelwa ukuthembeka. I-Galloping inflation kufuneka ikhuselwe kuzo zonke iindleko.
I-Hyperinflation yilapho amaxabiso aphakama ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini ngenyanga. Kuyinto engaqhelekanga. Enyanisweni, imizekelo emininzi ye-hyperinflation yenzeke kuphela xa oorhulumente bephrinta imali ukuhlawula iimfazwe. Imizekelo ye-hyperinflation ibandakanya iJamani kwiminyaka ye-1920, i-Zimbabwe kuma-2000, naseVenezuela ngo-2010. Ixesha lokugqibela laseMerika lafumana u-hyperinflation ngexesha lokulwa kwayo. I-stagflation yilapho ukukhula koqoqosho kuqhubekile kodwa kukho ixabiso lentengo . Oku kubonakala kukuphikisana, ukuba akunakwenzeka. Kutheni amaxabiso ayenyuka xa kungekho mfuneko ngokwaneleyo yokunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho? Kwenzeke ngawo-1970 xa i-United States ishiya umgangatho wegolide . Emva kokuba ixabiso le dolakhi lingasayihlanganiswa negolide, lahla. Ngelo xesha, ixabiso legolide liphezulu.
I-stagflation ayizange iphele kwaze kwaze kwaba nguSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker wakhulisa isantya semali esondliwe kwiidijithi ezimbini. Wawugcina apho ixesha elaneleyo ukukhupha izilindelo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yokuba yayimeko engaqhelekanga, mhlawumbi i-stagflation ayiyi kwenzeka kwakhona.
Ixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eliphezulu linyuka ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuyo yonke into ngaphandle kokutya namandla. Kungenxa yokuba amaxabiso e-gesi atya ukunyuka zonke ihlobo. Iintsapho zisebenzisa igesi ngaphezulu ukuya kwiholide. Iindleko zegesi eziphezulu zandisa inani lokutya kunye nantoni na enye eneendleko ezinkulu zokuthutha. I- Federal Reserve isebenzisa isantya sokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukuyikhokela ekumiseni umgaqo-mali wezemali . I-Fed ayifuni ukulungelelanisa amazinga omyinge ngelixa ixabiso legesi likhuphuka.
Ukuchaswa kukuchasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Yilapho amaxabiso awela. Kubangelwa xa i-bubble ye-aseset iqhuma. Yilokho okwenzeka kwizindlu ngo-2006. Ukuchithwa kwamanani entlupheko kwabathintele abo bathenga amakhaya abo ngo-2005. Enyanisweni, i-Fed yayikhathazeke ngokuchasana ngokubanzi ngexesha loqoqosho. Kungenxa yokuba ukuchithwa kwempahla kunokuguqula ukuhlaziywa kweengxaki. Ngexesha lokudakumba okukhulu kowe-1929 , amaxabiso ayehla iipesenti ezili-10 ngonyaka. Xa uqala ukuchaswa, kunzima ukumisa kunokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
08 Imali Yemivuzo
Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumvuzo xa abasebenzi behlawule ngokukhawuleza kuneendleko zokuphila . Oku kwenzeka kwiimeko ezintathu. Okokuqala, xa kukho ukungabikho kwabasebenzi. Okwesibini, yinto apho imibutho yabasebenzi ixoxisana nomvuzo ophezulu. Okwesithathu xa abasebenzi belawula ngokufanelekileyo umvuzo wabo. Ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kubakho xa kungekho ngqesho ingaphantsi kwama-4 ekhulwini. Imanyano yabasebenzi ixoxisana nomvuzo ophezulu kubaqeshwa bezemoto kuma-1990. Ii-CEO zilawula ngokufanelekileyo umvuzo wazo ngokuhlala kwiibhodi ezininzi zenkampani, ngakumbi zazo. Zonke ezi meko zadala umvuzo wemali.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, wonke umntu ucinga ukuba ukunyuswa kwamaholo abo kulungele. Kodwa umvuzo ophezulu yinto enye yeendleko-ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oku kunokuqhuba ixabiso lempahla neenkonzo.
Ibhola le-aseset, okanye ukunyuka kwexabiso lempahla, livela kwiklasi enye ye- asethi . Imizekelo emihle yindlu, ioli kunye negolide . Ngokuqhelekileyo ukungahoywa yi- Federal Reserve kunye nabanye abatyekeli bexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso xa izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso liphantsi. Kodwa i- subprime crisis mortgage kunye ne- crisis global financial crisis kubonisa indlela ukulimala okungabonakaliyo kwexabiso lempahla kungabikho. Amanani eGesi aphakama nganye entwasahlobo ngokulindela ikhefu lexesha lokuqhuba ikhefu. Enyanisweni, unokulindela ukuba ixabiso legesi likhuphuke iisenti ezili-10 ngegolon nganye entwasahlobo. Kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwezopolitiko kumazwe athengisa ngamafutha aqhube amaxabiso egesi ephakamileyo ngo-2011 nangowama-2012. Amaxabiso athatyathe ixesha elide le-4.17 ngoJulayi 2008, ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho. Amaxabiso eoli ayenzelani na amanani egesi ? Okuninzi. Enyanisweni, ixabiso leoli lijongene neepesenti ezingama-72 zexabiso legesi. Eminye ikwabiwa kunye neerhafu. Azinjengezinto ezinzima njengamaxabiso eoli.
Amanani amafutha angcolileyo athatyathwa ngamaxesha angama-143.68 kwinqanawa ngoJulayi 2008. Oku bekukuninzi nokuncipha kweemfuno zehlabathi kunye nokwanda kwonikezelo. Amaxabiso e-oyile anqunywe ngabahwebi bempahla . Oko kubandakanya ababini abacebisi kunye nabathengisi bequmrhu abamba ingozi. Abathengisi banamathela kwixabiso leoli kwiimeko ezimbini. Okokuqala, ukuba ngaba bacinga ukuba kukhona izinto ezisongelayo ukubonelela, ezifana nokuqhubisana eMiddle East. Okwesibini, ukuba ngaba babona ukufunwa kwemfuno, njengokukhula eChina. Amanani okutya aphakama ngamaphesenti angama-6,8 ngo-2008, okubangela ukuphazamiseka kokutya eNdiya nakwezinye iimarike ezikhulayo . Baphinda baphinda baphinda ngo-2011, bakhula ngamaphesenti angama-4.8. Iindleko zokutya eziphezulu zikhokelela kwi-Arab Spring, ngokwezoqoqosho ezininzi. Ukuphazamiseka kokutya okubangelwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kule nqanaba lexabiso lexabiso elifanelekileyo kubalulekile. Ibhobho yexabiso lenzeke xa ixabiso legolide libetha ixesha elide elidlula i-$ 1,895 ngeyonke ngoSeptemba 5, 2011. Nangona abatshali-mali abaninzi bengenakho ukubiza le mali yokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngokuqinisekileyo bekuyiyo. Kungenxa yokuba amaxabiso aphakama ngaphandle kokutshintshwa okuhambelana nokunikezelwa kwegolide okanye iimfuno. Kunoko, abatyali-mali bagijimela kwigolide njengendawo ephephile. Babenenkxalabo malunga nokunciphisa idola . Baziva begolide bawakhusele kwi-hyperinflation kwiimpahla ze-US kunye neenkonzo. Babengaqinisekanga malunga nokuzinza kwehlabathi. Abani na abatyala imali? Ngo-Agasti, ingxelo yengqesho yabonisa ngokupheleleyo ukuzuza kwemisebenzi emitsha. Ngethuba lehlobo, i- eurozone ityala lemeko lalibukeka ngathi lingenako ukulungiswa. Kwakukho uxinzelelo malunga nokuba iUnited States yayiya kuhlawula ityala layo . Ixabiso legolide liphakama ekuphenduleni ukungaqiniseki. Ngamanye amaxesha kulungele ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Amanye amaxesha aphikisanayo, ukuhlaziywa kwemali .