Yiyiphi yeeNdawo eziTyalo-mali eziPhambili, iiNkcazo zeStyles ezona zilungileyo kuwe?
Kwakhona, awufuni ukuphumeza isicwangciso-mali-mali kwaye ufumanisa ukuba ufuna ukuyiyeka ngenxa yesimo esitsha esishisayo ofumene kwinqaku leendaba. Musa ukudideka yiyo yonke into enokuthi ibe yinto enokuthi ibe yinyaniso yenyanga.
Qinisekisa kwizinto ezisisiseko zokuvavanya.
Ukusebenzisa esinye isiqhelo esifanelekileyo, iindlela zokutshala imali kunye neendlela zobugcisa zifana nezambatho ezifanelekileyo. Awudingi nantoni na eyabizayo okanye eyenziweyo; udinga into ekhululekile eyokuhlala ixesha elide, ngakumbi ukuba injongo yakho yotyalo-mali ixesha elide (iminyaka eli-10 okanye ngaphezulu).
Ngoko ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kunoma yintoni na, nokuba kukutya, ukutya, okanye iindlela zokutyalomali, yibona okusebenza kakuhle kubuntu bakho nesitayela. Unokuqala ngokuqwalasela izicwangciso ezili-10 eziphezulu zokutyalomali, ezinye zazo ziyiinkcazo, izitayela okanye amaqhinga, anokukunceda ukwakha iphothifoliyo yemali okanye i-ETFs.
Amanqanaba okuTyala ngokuBalulekileyo: Uhlalutyo oluPhambili
Siqala ngohlalutyo olusisiseko kuba yenye yezona ndlela ezidlulileyo kunye nezona ndlela eziphambili zendlela yokutyalomali. Eyona nto isetyenziselwa ukuphanda kunye nokuhlalutya ama-equities (amasheya ngabanye, kunokuba ukhethe ukhetho lwemali), uhlalutyo olusisiseko luhlobo lwesicwangciso-mali esisebenzayo esibandakanya ukuhlaziywa kweengxelo zemali ngenjongo yokukhetha iifowuni eziphezulu.
Iinkcukacha ezivela kwiitatimenti zezimali zisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa nedatha edlulileyo nekhoyo yoshishino oluthile okanye namanye amashishini ngaphakathi kwishishini. Ngokuhlalutya idatha, umtyalo-mali unokufika kwisiqingatha esilinganiselweyo (intengo) yesitokethi senkampani ethile kwaye anqume ukuba isitokhe sithengwa kakuhle okanye cha.
Amanqanaba atshabisayo okuTyalo-mali: Ixabiso lokuTyala
I-Mutual fund kunye nabaTyalo-mali be-ETF bangasebenzisa isicwangciso-mali esisiseko okanye isitayela ngokusebenzisa ixabiso lempahla yokuxhaswa kwemali . Ngendlela elula, utyalo-mali ukhangele iifowuni ezithengisayo kwi "isaphulelo"; bafuna ukufumana ingxoxo. Esikhundleni sokuchitha ixesha lokukhangela izitokethi zexabiso kwaye uhlalutye iingxelo zemali zenkampani, umtyalo-mali ohlangeneyo unokuthenga iimali zenkcazo, i-Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) okanye iimali ezilawulwa ngokusebenzayo ezinobuncwane bempahla.
Amashishini atshabalala ngokugqithiseleyo: Ukukhula koTyalo-mali
Njengoko igama libonisa ukuba, ukugcina izitshixo ngokuqhelekileyo kwenza okusemgangathweni kwizigaba ezivuthiweyo zomjikelo wemakethi xa uqoqosho lukhula ngezinga elifanelekileyo. Isicwangciso sokukhula sibonisa ukuba ziphi iinkampani, abathengi, kunye nabatyalomali bonke benza ngokufanayo kwimpuco enempilo - ekufuneni ukukhula okuzayo kunye nokuchitha imali eninzi yokwenza. Kwakhona, iinkampani zeteknoloji ziyimimiselo emihle apha. Zihlala zixabisekileyo kodwa ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka zikhula ngaphaya kwezo zixabiso xa imeko ilungile.
Uhlobo oluthile lokukhula kotyalo-mali lunokufumaneka kwiqhinga lokutshala imali , eliyiqhinga lokugxila kwimilinganiselo yamanani ekhoyo ngokulindela ukuba umzuzwana uya kuqhubeka nokwakha kwicala elifanayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ngokukodwa ngemali ehlanganisiweyo eyenzelwe ukuthabatha isicwangciso esilimazayo sokutyala, le ngcamango "ukuthenga phezulu nokuthengisa ngaphezulu." Ngokomzekelo, umphathi weengxowa-mali unganokufuna iindawo zokukhula ezibonise umgangatho wokuxabisa okuthe rhoqo kwixabiso kunye nokulindela ukuba ukunyuka kwexabiso lentengo kuya kuqhubeka.
Amanqanaba okuTyala ngokuBalulekileyo: Uhlalutyo lobuGcisa
Uhlalutyo lobugcisa lunokuqwalaselwa ngokuchasene nohlalutyo oluphambili. Abatyalomali abasebenzisa uhlalutyo lobugcisa (abahwebi bezobugcisa) bavame ukusebenzisa iitshathi ukuqonda iipateni zamanani zamvanje kunye neendlela ezikhoyo zamashishini ngenjongo yokubikezela iipatheni kunye neendlela ezizayo. Ngamagama ahlukeneyo, kukho iipateni ezithile kunye neendlela eziza kunika umthengisi wezobugcisa ezithile iimpawu okanye iimpawu, ezibizwa ngokuba zizibonakaliso, malunga nokuhamba kweemarike ezizayo.
Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iipateni zinikezwa amagama achazayo, anjenge "intloko kunye namagxa" okanye " indebe nokuphatha. " Xa ezi mpateni ziqala ukuma kwaye ziyaqatshelwa, umthengisi wezobugcisa angenza izigqibo zokutshala imali ngokusekelwe kwisiphumo esilindelekileyo salo mzekelo okanye uhambo. Idatha ebalulekileyo, njengengqinisiso ye-P / E, ayiqwalaselwe kuhlalutyo lobugcisa apho iindlela kunye neepatheni zibeka phambili imilinganiselo yokuphonononga.
Amanqanaba okuTyala okuTyebileyo: Thenga kunye ne-Hold
Ukuthenga nokugcina abatyalomali bakholelwa ukuba "ixesha kwiimarike" yindlela ekhethekileyo yokutyalo-mali "kunexesha lokuthengisa." Esi sicwangciso sisetyenziswe ngokuthenga iziqinisekiso zobutyalo-mali nokuzibamba ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba umtyalo-mali ukholelwa ukuba ukubuya kwexesha elide kunokuba kunengqiqo nangona kubonakaliswa kwexesha elifutshane. Esi sicwangciso sichasene nexesha elifanelekileyo leemarike, ngokuqhelekileyo kunomthengi ukuthenga nokuthengisa ixesha elifutshane kunye nenjongo yokuthenga ngamaxabiso aphantsi nokuthengisa kumaxabiso aphezulu.
Umtyalo-mali-intengiso uya kuthetha ukuba ukubamba ixesha elide kudinga ukuthengwa rhoqo kunamanye amaqhinga. Ngoko ke iindleko zokurhweba ziyancishiswa, eziza kukhulisa i-net net return of portfolio.
Iipolfoliyo eziqeshwe ukuthengwa kunye neqhinga lokubamba ziye zabizwa ngokuba ziphothifoliyo ezinobuqili ngenxa yokugcinwa kwazo okuphantsi, uhlobo olusisiseko.
IsiGqeba kunye neSatellite : I- core kunye neSatellite iyindlela yokuqulunqwa kweefowthifoliyo eziqhelekileyo kunye nexesha eliqhelekileyo eliqukethe "ingundoqo," njengengxowankulu enkulu yesikhokhelo senkxaso-mali, ebonisa isahlulo esikhulu sepotfolio, kunye nezinye iintlobo zemali -imali "yesatellite" -eyo nganye inamalungu amancinci kwipotfoliyo yokudala yonke into. Injongo ephambili yale mveliso yoyilothifoliyo kukunciphisa umngcipheko ngokusebenzisa ulwahlulo (ukubeka amaqanda akho kwiibhasikiti ezahlukeneyo) ngelixa uphumelele (ukufumana imbuyiselo ephezulu kune-benchmarkmark) yokusebenza, njenge- S & P 500 Index . Isishwankathelo, iphothifoliyo yesiKhulu kunye neThala leSatellite liyakufumana ukufumana ukubuyisela ngaphezu kwe-average nge-average-risk risk for investor.
I-Dave Ramsey Iphothifoliyo : Umncedisi ogqithisileyo wokuthetha kunye kwaye ngokubanzi ohlonishwayo ngemali eyinkunzi uDave Ramsey uye waxhasa ixesha elide isicwangciso-mali sokubambisana kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ubulumko bukaDave bubumnandi bakhe; ukuhanjiswa kwayo kunye neendlela zezimali kulula ukuyiqonda. Nangona kunjalo, ubulumko buya apho. Ezi ntlobo ezine zeengxowa-mali ziza kufumana i- fund , kwaye kuthetha ukuba kukho ukungafani. Ukongezelela, ixabiso eliphantsi kwezinto eziphathekayo, ezifana nezibophelelo kunye nekheshi, azikho ngokupheleleyo kwiphothifoliyo.
Iingcamango zamhlanje zePortfolio : I- Today's Portfolio Theory (MPT) yindlela yokutyalomali apho umtyalo-mali uzama ukuthatha inqanaba elincinci lomngcipheko wemarike ukuba athathe inzuzo ephezulu kwi-portfolio enikwe. Umtyalo-mali olandela iipatethe ze-MPT angasebenzisa indlela yesiseko kunye ne-satellite, njengoko kuchaziwe kwinombolo 6 ngasentla. Kwinqanaba lezofilosofi zotyalo-mali, bonke abatyali-mali bangathanda ukufumana ukubuyela okuphezulu kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthatha amanqanaba emngcipheko. Kodwa oko kungenziwa njani? Impendulo emfutshane idibanisa . Ngokutsho kwe-MPT, umtyalo-mali unako ukubamba uhlobo oluthile lwe-asethi, i-fund fund, okanye ukhuseleko oluphezulu kumngcipheko ngamnye kodwa, xa kuhlanganiswe nezinye iintlobo zee-asethi okanye utyalo-mali, yonke iphothifoliyo inokulinganiswa ngendlela enobungozi ngaphantsi kwezinye zexabiso eliphantsi okanye utyalo-mali.
I-Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) : Umahluko phakathi kwe-PMPT kunye ne-MPT yindlela abachaza ngayo umngcipheko kunye nokwakha iipotfoliyo ezisekelwe kulo mngcipheko. I-MPT ibona umngcipheko njengemida; Ukwakhiwa kwepottoliyo kubandakanywa utyalo-mali oluninzi oluhlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba emingcipheko eyahlukeneyo adibanisa ukufumana ukubuyiswa okufanelekileyo. Ingakumbi umboniso omkhulu wengozi kunye nokubuyisa. Umtyalo-zimali we-PMPT ubona umngcipheko njengemimiselo; indlela abatyala imali abavakalelwa ngayo ngelahleko akusiyo imbonakalo echasene neyobuko bendlela abavakalelwa ngayo malunga neenzuzo, kwaye indawo nganye yezoqoqosho kunye nemarike iyingqayizivele kwaye iguquke. I-PMPT ibona ukuba abatyali-mali abahlala besenza isantya. Ngako oko i-PMPT ibandakanya iinkalo zokuziphatha zomhlambi-zimali, kungekhona nje imodeli yemathematika eyenziwa yi-MPT.
Ulwabiwo lweeActical Acacation : Ulwabiwo lwee -asethi zoqhagamshelwano ludibaniso lweendlela ezininzi ezidlulileyo apha. Isitayela sokutyalomali apho iiklasi ze-asethi ezintathu eziphambili (amasheya, iibhonksi kunye nemali) zilungelelanisa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zihlengahlengiswa ngumtyalomali ngenjongo yokwandisa ukubuyisela iifotfolio kunye nokunciphisa ingozi xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganisa, njengoluhlu. Isitayela sokutyalomali sehluke kwizohlalutyo lobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo oluphambili ekugxininiseni ngokukodwa kwi-asethi eyabelwe kwaye okwesibini ukhetho lokutshala imali. Lo mbono omkhulu-mfanekiso unesizathu esihle, ubuncinane kumbono wotyalo-mali okhetha ukwabiwa kweefa.
Ukuphinda iphuzu lokuqala le nqaku. Ukukhetha isicwangciso sotyalo-mali okanye isitayela akufani nento yokukhetha utyalo-mali: Umtyalomali ngamnye uyingqayizivele kwaye isicwangciso esona sikhe sisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiinjongo zabo zokutshala imali kunye nokunyamezela ingozi.
Ingcaciso kule ndawo inikezelwa ngeenjongo zengxoxo kuphela, kwaye akufanele ichaneke njengengcebiso yokutyalomali. Ngaphandle kweemeko ngaba le nkcazelo ibonisa isincomo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso.