Iingxaki zeNgxowa-mali ze-Eurozone, izizathu zayo, ukunyanga, kunye neziphumo

Indlela Ingxaki Ye-Eurozone Ichaphazela Ngayo

Ingxaki ye-eurozone ingxaki enkulu yehlabathi ngowama-2011. Oko kukutsho ngokuBambisana neNtsebenziswano yoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso . Izinto zanda kakhulu ngo-2012. Inkathalo yaqala ngowama-2009 xa ihlabathi liqala ukuqaphela iGrisi lingagqibekanga kwi-ityala layo. Kwiminyaka emithathu, kwandiswe ukuba kubekho ukuhlawulwa kwetyala elingenasiphelo kwiPortugal, e-Italy, e-Ireland nase- Spain . IYurophu yaseYurophu , ekhokelwa yiJamani neFransi, yazama ukuxhasa la malungu.

Baqalisa ukuhlawula imali kwiBhanki Ephakathi YaseYurophu kunye ne- International Monetary Fund . Le nyathelo ayizange igcinise abaninzi ukuba babuze imibuzo yokusebenza kwe- euro ngokwayo.

Indlela Ingxaki Ye-Eurozone Ichaphazela Ngayo

Ukuba loo mazwe ayengaswelekanga, bekuya kuba nzima ngaphezu kweengxaki zemali ka-2008. Amabhanki, abanikazi abakhulu be-matyala alawulwayo, babejongene nokulahleka okukhulu. Amabhanki amancinci ayeza kuwa. Ngenxa yokwesaba, baye banqumla emva kokubolekisa omnye nomnye. Ireyiti yeLibor yayiza kufana ne-2008.

I-ECB ibambe inkohlakalo enkulu. Okungagqibekanga bekuya kuba yingozi kwikamva layo. Isongela ukusinda kwe-EU ngokwayo. Inkokhelo elawulwayo engalawulwayo ingadala ukudala umnotho okanye ukuxinezeleka kwehlabathi.

Kungenzeka kube nzima ngaphezu kweengxaki zetyala le-1998. Xa iRussia ihleli, amanye amazwe athengayo athengisa. I-IMF ingenele. Yayixhaswa ngamandla amazwe aseYurophu kunye ne-United States.

Eli xesha, akuzona iimarike ezikhulayo kodwa iimarike eziphuhlisiwe ezisengozini yokungafi. IJamani, iFransi kunye neUnited States, abaxhasi bakhulu be-IMF, bona banetyala elikhulu. Kuza kubakho umnqweno omncinci wezopolitiko ukudibanisa kuloo matyala ukuze uhlawule imali efunekayo.

Yayisiphi Isisombululo?

Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2012, uKhansela waseJamani u-Angela Merkel wavelisa icebo lesisixhenxe.

Kuye kwachasene nesiphakamiso sikaMongameli waseFransi uFrancois Hollande ukuba enze i- Eurobonds . Kwakhona wayefuna ukunciphisa imilinganiselo yobutyebi kunye nokudala uqoqosho oluthile. Isicwangciso sikaMerkel siya:

1. Qalisa iinkqubo zokuqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukukunceda ukuqaliswa kwamashishini.
2. Hlaziya ukukhuselwa ngokuchaswa ngokungafanelekanga.
3. Qalisa "i-minijob" kunye nentlawulo ephantsi.
4. Ukudibanisa ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi kunye nemfundo yolwazi ngokubhekiselele ekungabikho kwemisebenzi yolutsha.
5. Yenza imali ekhethekileyo kunye neentlawulo zerhafu ekubambiseleni amashishini karhulumente.
6. Ukuseka imimandla ekhethekileyo kwezoqoqosho njengabo baseChina.
7. Invest in energy renable.

UMerkel ufumene oku kusebenze ukudibanisa iMpuma Jamani. Wayebona indlela amanyathelo amanyathelo angakhuphula ngayo ukhuphiswano lwe-eurozone yonke.

Isityalo esisixhenxe seenkalo salandelelanisa isivumelwano esinobudlelwane boburhulumenteni obuvunywe ngoDisemba 8, 2011. Iinyanzelo ze-EU ziyavumelana ukudala ubumbano obumanyeneyo obuhambelana nomanyano wemali osele ukhona. Umnqophiso wenza izinto ezintathu. Okokuqala, kuqinisekiswe imingcipheko yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweMatriki . Okwesibini, yaqinisekisa ababolekisi ukuba i-EU iyakuma emva kwetyala elilawulayo lamalungu. Okwesithathu, kwavumela i-EU ukuba isebenze njengeyunithi edibeneyo. Ngokukodwa, umnqophiso uza kudala utshintsho ezintlanu:

1. Amazwe alungu le-Eurozone aya kunika ngokusemthethweni amandla athile ekuhlaleni ulawulo lwe-EU.

1. Amalungu athe gqitha ireyenti ye-3 ye-%-to-GDP ratio iya kubhekana nezohlwayo zemali. Naziphi na izicwangciso zokukhupha ityala elizimele kufuneka libikwe kwangaphambili.
2. I- European Economic Stability Facility yatshintshwa yesikhwama sokubambisa isigxina. I-European Stability Mechanism yaqalisa ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2012. Ingxowa-mali yangasigxina yaqinisekisa ababolekisi ukuba i-EU iya kuma phambi kwamalungu ayo. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungagqibekanga.
3. Imigaqo yokuvota kwi-ESM yayiza kubangela ukuba izigqibo eziphuthumayo zigqitywe kunye nesininzi esinobuchule besigidi sama-85. Oku kuvumela i-EU ukuba yenze ngokukhawuleza.
4. Amazwe aseYurophu aya kuboleka enye i-euro ezigidi ezingama-200 kwi-IMF kwiibhanki zawo.

Oku kulandele ukukhishwa kwemali ngoMeyi 2010. Iinkokheli ze-EU zithembisa i-euro ezigidi ezili-720 okanye i-$ 928 yezigidigidi ukukhusela ingxaki yamatyala ekubangela enye i- Crash Street.

Ukubuyiselwa kwemali kubuyiselwe ukholo kwi-euro edibeneyo kwiinyanga ezili-14 eziphantsi kweedola.

I-United States neChina zangenelela emva kokuba i-ECB ithi ayiyi kuhlangula iGrisi. I-LIBOR iphakame njengoko iibhanki zaqalisa ukuphazamiseka nje ngo-2008. Kulo xesha kuphela, iibhanki zaziphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwetyala likaGrisi kwabanye ngaphandle kweemali ezixhaswe ngemali.

Iziphumo

Okokuqala, i-UK kunye namanye amazwe aseUnited States ayengenxalenye ye-eurozone ehambelana nomnqophiso kaMerkel. Baxhalabele ukuba umnqophiso uza kubakho "kwi-EU-tier". Amazwe aseYurophu angenza izivumelwano ezikhethekileyo kumalungu azo kuphela. Bayiza kubandakanywa amazwe ase-EU angenayo i-euro.

Okwesibini, amazwe ase-euro kufuneka avume ukunciphisa ukuchitha. Oku kunokunciphisa ukukhula kwabo kwezoqoqosho, njengokuba kuGrisi. Amanyathelo okuxhatshazwa awanamdlalwa kwezopolitiko. Abavoti bangenise iinkokheli ezintsha ezishiya i-euro okanye i-EU ngokwalo.

Okwesithathu, uhlobo olutsha lwezemali, i-Eurobond, luyafumaneka. I-ESM iya kuxhaswa ngemali nge-euro ezigidi eziyi-700 kwiibhondi ze-euro. Ezi ziqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo ngamazwe ase-euro. Njenge-US Treasury , ezi zibopheko zingathengwa kwaye zithengiswe kwimarike yesibini. Ngokukhuphisana noNondyebo, i-Eurobonds inokukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu aphezulu eMelika.

Yiyiphi inqatyana

Amatyala okulinganisa amatyala afana ne- Standard & Poor's no-Moody ayefuna i-ECB ukuba iphakame kwaye iqinisekise zonke iindleko zamalungu e-eurozone. Kodwa inkokheli ye-EU, eJamani, yachasa ukuhamba okunjalo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa. Kwakudinga amazwe anetyala ukuba afake amanyathelo amanyathelo afunekayo ukuze afake izindlu zabo zezimali ngokulandelelana. IJamani ayifuni ukubhala i-euro ingenakucinga nje ukuze kuqinisekiswe abatyalo-mali. Abavoti baseJamani abayi kuba nemihlali kakhulu ngokuhlawula irhafu ephezulu ukuze baxhaswe imali. IJamani nayo iphinda ibhekiselele malunga nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Abantu bayo bakhumbula kuphela kakuhle i- hyperinflation ye-1920s.

Abatyalomali bazixhalabile ukuba amanyathelo amanyathelo azothuthoza nje nayiphi na isaphulelo sezoqoqosho. Amazwe angcolileyo adinga ukukhula ukubuyisela amatyala abo. Amanyathelo amanyathelo afunekayo ngexesha elide, kodwa ayingozi ngexesha elifutshane.

Izizathu

Okokuqala, kwakungekho zihlwayo kumazwe aphule ukulingana kwamatyala kuya ku-GDP . Ezi zilungelelweyo zibekwe yi-EU-based Maastricht Criteria. Ngoba kutheni? IFransi neJamani nayo yayichitha ngaphaya komda. Bokuba ngabazenzisi ukugweba abanye baze bafumane izindlu zabo ngokwabo. Kwakungekho namazinyo nakweyiphi na inyelelo ngaphandle kokugxothwa kwi-eurozone. Esi sigwebo esinzima esiya kunciphisa amandla e-euro ngokwayo. I-EU ifuna ukuqinisa amandla e-euro. Okufaka uxinzelelo kumalungu e-EU engekho e-eurozone. Ziquka iUnited Kingdom, iDenmark, neSweden ukuba iyamukele.

Okwesibini, amazwe aseYurophu azuze amandla e-euro. Babenandipha ixabiso lentengo elincinci kunye nokunyuka kwemali yotyalo- mali . Uninzi lwalolu hlobo lwenkunzi luvela eJamani naseFransi ukuya kwiintlanga eziseningizimu. Olu lwabiwo olwandisiweyo lwaphakamisa umvuzo kunye namaxabiso. Oko kwenza ukuba amazwe angaphandle athathwe. Amazwe asebenzisa i-euro akakwazi ukwenza oko amaninzi amazwe akwenza ukupholisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Akwazanga ukuphakamisa inzala okanye ukushicilela imali encinci. Ngethuba lokunciphisa imali, irhafu yerhafu yawa. Ngelo xesha, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yoluntu kwenyuka ukuhlawula ukungaqeshwa kunye nezinye izibonelelo.

Okwesithathu, amanyathelo amanyathelo athungatha ukukhula koqoqosho ngokukhuseleka. Ngokomzekelo, i-OECD yathi amanyathelo okunyanzelisa ayeza kwenza ukuba iGrisi ikhuphisane. Kwakudingeka ukuphucula ulawulo lwezemali kunye nolwazi lwengxelo. Kwakunempilo yokwandisa ukunqongophala kwempesheni yomqeshwa kunye nomvuzo. Kwakuyimpumelelo yezoqoqosho ukunciphisa izithintelo zorhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe athunyelwa ngaphandle. I-OECD yathi iGrisi kufuneka idibanise abahlaziyi berhafu. Ikhuthaze ukuthengiswa kwamashishini karhulumente ukuphakamisa imali.

Ngokubuyisela amanyathelo okunyanzelisa, ityala leGrisi lisikwe kwisiqingatha. Kodwa ezi nyathelo zanciphise umnotho waseGrisi. Banda ukwanda kwemisebenzi, banciphise imali yokuthenga umthengi kunye nokunciphisa imali efunekayo yokubolekisa. Abavoti bamaGrike baxhaswa ngokunyuka kwemali. Bavala uhulumeni waseGrisi ngokuthi banike inani elilinganayo lamavoti kwi-"akukho ntshutshiso" kwiqela leSyriza. Olunye unyulo lwaqhutywa ngoJuni ngo-17 olutshabalalisa iSyriza. Esikhundleni sokushiya i-euro, kodwa urhulumente omtsha wasebenza ukuze aqhube phambili. Kwixesha elide, amanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwamatyala aya kunciphisa iCrisis Grunt yeGrisi .