Inkcazo ye-US, iYurophu, iGrisi, ne-Iceland Iingxaki zeMatyala
Uphawu lokuqala luvela xa ilizwe lifumanisa ukuba alinakufumana isantya esincinci kubanini-mali. Ngoba? Abatyalomali bayaxhalaba ukuba ilizwe alikwazi ukuhlawula iibhondi.
Bayesaba ukuba kuya kuhlawulwa kwetyala .
Njengoko ababolekisi beqala ukuxhalabisa, bafuna isivuno esiphezulu nesiphezulu sokunciphisa ingozi yabo. Ukuphakama kwezivuno, ngokugqithiseleyo kuhlawulela ilizwe ukuba lihlaziye ityala layo eliphezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, akunakukwazi ukuqhubeka nokugqithisa phezu kwetyala. Ngenxa yoko, ayifanelekanga. Uloyiko lwabathengi luba isiprofeto sokuzifeza.
Oko kwenzeka eGrisi, e-Italy naseSpain. Kwakhokelela kwi-crisis yeYurophu. Kwaye kwenzeka xa i-Iceland ithatha i-bhanki yelizwe leebhanki, ebangela ukuba ixabiso lemali yalo liyeke. Kodwa oku akuzange kwenzeke eUnited States ngo-2011, njengoko amaxabiso enzala ahlala ephantsi. Kodwa bekunzima kwetyala ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukileyo.
Inkcazo yeMatyala yamaGrike
Inkathalo yetyala yaqala ngo-2009 xa iGrisi yamemezela ukulahleka kwayo kwebhajethi eyi-12,9 ekhulwini yemveliso yasekhaya , ngaphezu kwe-quadruple umlinganiselo wepesenti we-3 ogunyazwe yi- European Union .
I-arhente yokurhweba iitaliti zinciphisa ireyiti yeGrisi kwaye ngoko ke, iqhube ixabiso lentengo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ilizwe liza kushicilela imali ethe xaxa ukuhlawula ityala layo. Kodwa ngo-2001, iGrisi yayifake i- euro njengemali yayo . Kwiminyaka emininzi, iGrisi izuze kubulungu bayo base-euro ngexabiso elincinane kwinzala kunye nokutyalomali-mali olwangaphandle , ngokukodwa kwiibhanki zaseJamani.
Ngelishwa, iGrisi yacela i-EU ukuba ihlawule imali yokuhlawula imali. Ngokubuyisela, i-EU ibeke imilinganiselo yobuncwane . Abanini-mali abathatsayo, ikakhulukazi iibhanki zaseJamani, bafuna ukuba iGrisi isinqake imali ukuze ikhusele imali.
Kodwa le miqathango inciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kunye neerhafu zerhafu. Njengoko inzala yenzalo yaqhubeka ikhula, iGrisi yaxwayisa ngo-2010 ukuba inokunyanzeliswa ukuba ihlawulwe kwiintlawulo zetyala. I-EU kunye ne-International Monetary Fund bavuma ukukhwela iGrisi. Kodwa bafuna uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olongezelelweyo ngokubuyisela. Oko kwakha ukuhla.
Ngo-2012, inani le-Greece -to-GDP lilinganiselwa kuma-175 ekhulwini, enye yezona ziphezulu kwihlabathi. Kwakukho emva kwabakhonkco, abachaphazelekayo malunga nokulahlekelwa kwabo bonke utyalo-mali, bamkele iicenti ezingama-25 kwidola. IGrisi ngoku i-depression-style economy, nge-25 yepesenti yokungaqeshwa kwemisebenzi, ukuxhatshazwa kwezopolitiko kunye neenkqubo ezingabonakaliyo zebhanki.
Inkathazo yeGrike yesiGrike yayiyinkathazo enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe kuba yayisongela ukuzinza koqoqosho kweYurophu.
Iingxaki zeNkcitho yeYurophu
Inkathazo yeGrike yamaGrisi yakhawuleza yasasazeka kwi-eurozone yonke, ekubeni iibhanki ezininzi zaseYurophu zatshale imali kuma shishini aseGrisi kunye netyala elimele. Amanye amazwe, afana neIreland, iPortugal, neItali, ayenayo i-overspent, asebenzise amaxabiso athatywayo njengamalungu e-eurozone.
Inkxalabo yezimali ka-2008 yabetha la mazwe ngokukodwa nzima. Ngenxa yoko, babefuna ukuxhaswa kwemali ukuze bahlale bengagqibekanga kwityala labo.
ISpeyin yayiluhluke kakhulu. Urhulumente wayephethe uxanduva, kodwa inkcitho yemali ka - 2008 yachaphazela kakhulu iibhanki zayo. Babenotyalo-mali kakhulu kwi-bubble ye-real estate yelizwe. Xa amaxabiso aphelile, ezi bhanki zazama ukuhlala zihamba. Urhulumente waseburhulumenteni waseSpeyin wabakhankanya ukuba asebenze. Emva kwexesha, i-Spain ngokwayo yaqala ukuba neengxaki zokuhlaziya ityala layo. Ekugqibeleni waphendukela kwi-EU ukuze uncede.
Oku kugxininise isakhiwo se-EU ngokwayo. IJamani kunye nezinye iinkokeli zaza nzima ukuvumelana malunga nendlela yokulungisa ingxaki. IJamani yayifuna ukunyanzelisa ubuqhetseba, inkolelo yayiza kubomeleza amazwe ase-EU abuthathaka njengokuba wawuseMpuma Jamani.
Kodwa, ezi nyathelo ezifanayo zenze kube nzima ukuba amazwe akhulise ngokwaneleyo ukuhlawula ityala, ukudala umjikelo onobungozi. Enyanisweni, ezininzi ze-euro zenyuka ekungeneni kwemali ngenxa yoko. Intlupheko ye- Eurozone yayisongelo lwezoqoqosho emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2011.
Iingxaki zeMatyala eMelika
Abantu abaninzi baxwayisa ukuba iUnited States iya kugxuma njengeGrisi, ayikwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zayo. Kodwa oko akunakwenzeka ngezizathu ezintathu:
- Idola yase-US iyimali yehlabathi , ihlala isigxina njengoko iUnited States iyaqhubeka ishicilela imali.
- I-Federal Reserve inokugcina ixabiso lentengo elingaphantsi ngokukhawuleza kokunciphisa .
- Amandla obutyebi be-US athetha ukuba ityala le-US liyi-investment ekhuselekileyo.
Ngo-2013, iUnited States yayisondele ekuhlaseleni ityala layo ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko. Isebe leqela le-tea leRiphabhlikhi yePatili yenqaba ukuphakamisa ityala okanye lixhaswe urhulumente ngaphandle kokuba i-Obamacare ihlawulwe. Kwakhokelela ekutshintsheni komhla we-16 kude kubekho uxinzelelo olwenziwe kwiRiphabhliki ukuba libuyele kwinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukuphakamisa ityala le-debt, nokuxhaswa urhulumente. Umhla wokuvala ukuphela, ityala likazwelonke lase - US laphakama ngaphezu kwerekhodi eyi-17 trillion, kwaye ukulinganisela kwe-debt-to-GDP yayingaphezu kwama-100 ekhulwini.
Kunyaka ongaphambili, ityala liyinkinga ngexesha lokhetho lukaMongameli ka-2012. Kwakhona, i-party party yaseRephabliki yabalalisa ukunyusa iUnited States malunga ne-cliff yezimali ngaphandle kokuba imali ichithe. Iqonga lakhutshwa, kodwa kwakuthetha ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luya kunqunyulwa kweepesenti ezili-10 kulo lonke ibhodi ngokulandelelana.
Inkathazo yamatyala e-US yaqala ngowama-2010. Iidemokhrasi, ezithandayo ukunyuswa kweerhafu kwabathengi, kunye namaRiphabhlikhi, abaye bafuna ukuchithwa kwemali, balwa ngeendlela zokunciphisa ityala. Ngo-Apreli 2011, iCongress yaphuza ukuvunyelwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweNkcitho kaNyaka ka-2011 ukwenzela ukunyanzeliswa kwemali. Oko kwaphantse kuvalwe urhulumente ngo-Ephreli. NgoJulayi, iCongress yagqitywa ekukhuliseni ityala, kwakhona ukunyanzelisa ukuchitha imali.
ICandelo leNkulumbuso lagqitywa ngokuphakamisa ityala le-akhawunti ngo-Agasti, ngokugqithisa uMthetho woLawulo lweBhajethi . Kwakudinga iCongress ukuba ivume malunga nendlela yokunciphisa ityala nge $ 1.5 trillion ekupheleni konyaka ka-2012. Leyo yonyanzeliso yokunciphisa i-10% ye- FY 2013 Inkcitho-mali yesabelo-mali se-Federal eqaliswe ngo-Matshi 2013.
ICongress yayilinda de emva kweziphumo zoPhulo loMongameli ka- 2012 ukusebenzela ukuxazulula ukungqubana kwazo. Ukulandelelana, ukudibanisa neentlawulo zerhafu, kwakha i- cliff yecala eyayisongela ukuba idale ukunyuka kwemali ngo-2013. Ukungaqiniseki ngenxa yesiphumo sale ngxoxo kwagcina amabhizinisi avela ekutyaleni imali engama-dollar 1 trillion kwaye anciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Nangona kwakungekho nengozi yangempela ye-US ukungahlangabezanisi neembopheleleko zalo, ityala le-US linokulimaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, le nkathazo ayizange ixhalabele abatyala-mali bemarike. Baqhubeka befuna iiNondyebo zaseMelika . Oku kuqhube amazinga enzala ukuya kuma-200-year-lows ngonyaka ka-2012.
Ingxaki yeTyala le-Iceland
Ngonyaka ka-2009, urhulumente wase-Iceland wawa phantsi njengoko iinkokeli zawo zazisula ngenxa yoxinzelelo olwenziwa yi-bankruptcy yelizwe. I-Iceland ithathe i-bhanti yebhanki eyi-62 yezigidi zebhanki xa ihlawule iibhanki ezintathu ezinkulu. I-GDP ye-Iceland yayingamadola ayizigidi eziyi-14 kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, imali yayo yawela ngamaphesenti angama-50 kwiveki ezayo kwaye yabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ukunyuka.
Iibhanki zenze iimali-mali ezininzi zangaphandle eziye zaphawulwa ngongoma-mali we-2008. I-Iceland yavelisa iibhanki ukukhusela ukuwa kwabo. Kodwa oku kuhamba, kwazisa ukutshabalalisa urhulumente ngokwawo.
Ngethamsanqa, ugxininiso lwezokhenketho, ukwanda kweerhafu, kunye nokuthintela ukuhamba kweenqwelo-moya kwakuyizona zizathu ezibalulekileyo ukuba kutheni uqoqosho lwase-Iceland lufunyenwe kwi-bankruptcy .