Indlela i-FDI ithinta ngayo ubomi bakho
Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwasemanye amazwe xa umntu okanye ishishini liphethe iipesenti ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu kwenkampani yangaphandle. Ukuba umtyalo-mali unemali engaphantsi kwama-10, i- International Monetary Fund ichaza njengenxalenye ye-portfolio yakhe yesitokethi.
Ubunini bemali engama-10 alunikeli umtyalo-mhlaba umdla wokulawula. Ivumela ukuba ithintelo phezu kolawulo lweenkampani, imisebenzi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, oorhulumente bajonga ukuba ngubani osebenzayo kumashishini abo.
Ngo-2016, i-FDI yomhlaba wonke yayingu-1.75 trillion, ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo . Kwaye kwehle i-2 ekhulwini ukusuka kwi-2015 irekodi ye-1.76 trillion.
Kubaluleka kwe-FDI
Utyalo-mali oluchanekileyo olwamanye amazwe lubaluleke kakhulu kumazwe athengisa amazwe athengisa . Iinkampani zabo zidinga inkxaso-mali kunye neengcali zeenkampani zamanye amazwe ukuba zandise ukuthengisa kwabo ngamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe abo adinga ukutyalomali kwangasese kwizibonelelo, amandla kunye namanzi ukwenzela ukwandisa imisebenzi nemirholo. Ingxelo ye- UN yaxwayisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luya kubabetha kunzima kakhulu.
Ngo-2016, amazwe asathuthukayo athathe iipesenti ezingama-37 ze-FDI jikelele. Babenama-43 ekhulwini ngo-2015. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwakungenxa yokukhula okucothayo kwihlabathi eliphuhlisiweyo. Uqoqosho lwe-United States lukhule khulisa i-1.5 ekhulwini, xa kuthelekiswa nama-2.9 ekhulwini ngo-2015. Isibikezelo se-UN sokuthi uqoqosho oluphuculweyo ngo-2017 luya kukwandisa i-FDI yehlabathi ukuya kuma-1.8 triliyoni.
Uqoqosho oluphuhlisiweyo, olunjenge- European Union kunye ne-United States, lifuna i-FDI.
Iinkampani zabo zenzele ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ininzi lala mazwe utsalo-mali lugqityiwe ngokudityaniswa kunye nokuthengwa phakathi kweenkampani ezivuthiweyo. Utyalo-mali lwamaqumrhu omhlaba wonke lubekelwe ukulungiswa okanye ukuqhubeka kwakhona kwiinkampani eziphambili.
Inzuzo
Izibonelelo zentengiso ngokuthe ngqo kwamanye amazwe kunye noovimba-mali kunye nabamkeli.
Inkunzi iya kuma shishini kunye nethuba eliphezulu lokukhula, naphi na kwihlabathi. Kungenxa yokuba abatyali-mali bafuna ukubuyisela okuhle nangona mngcipheko omncinci. Esi sizathu sentsholongwane sibalabala kwaye asikhathaleli ngonqulo okanye kwezopolitiko.
Oku kunika amabhizinisi asebenza kakuhle, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, umbala okanye inkolo, inzuzo yokukhuphisana . Iyanciphisa imiphumo yezopolitiko, ukukhwabanisa nokukhwabanisa. Ngenxa yoko, imali ehlakaniphe kakhulu ivuza amanqaku amashishini afanelekileyo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Impahla yabo kunye neenkonzo ziya kwiimarike ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ngaphandle kwe-FDI engapheliyo.
Abatyalomali ngabanye bafumana iindleko ezingaphezulu zokunciphisa ingozi. I-FDI idibanisa imisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kwelizwe elithile, imboni okanye inkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukuchithwa kwamaxesha rhoqo kwandisa ukubuyela ngaphandle kokubeka ingozi.
Amashishini athatywayo athola "ukuziphatha okulungileyo", ulawulo okanye ukhokelo lwasemthethweni oluvela kubatyalomali babo. Bangakwazi ukubandakanya iteknoloji yakutshanje, iinkqubo zokusebenza, kunye nezixhobo zokuxhasa imali. Ngokusebenzisa ezi zinto, zikhuthaza indlela yokuphila yabasebenzi. Okuphakamisa umgangatho wokuphila kubantu abaninzi kwilizwe elilamkelekileyo. I-FDI ivuza iinkampani ezilungileyo kunaliphi na ilizwe. Iyanciphisa impembelelo yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni.
Amazwe awamkeliyo abona umgangatho wabo wokuphila . Njengoko inkampani yokufumana inzuzo evela kutyalomali, inokuhlawula irhafu ephezulu. Ngelishwa, ezinye iintlanga zithintela le ngenelo ngokunikela ngemali yokukhuthaza i-FDI.
Enye inzuzo ye-FDI kukuba iyakwenza umonakalo owenziwe "yimali eshushu." Yilapho abathengi bexesha elifutshane kunye nabarhwebi beemali bakha ibhola . Batshala imali eninzi ngokukhawuleza, bathengise imali yabo ngokukhawuleza.
Oku kungenza umjikelezo ojikelezayo obonakalisa ubutyebi kunye nokuphelisa imigaqo yezopolitiko. Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwasemzini lithatha ixesha elide ukuseka kwaye linomlinganiselo osisigxina kwilizwe.
Iingxaki
Amazwe akufanele avumele ubunini belizwe langaphandle kwiinkampani kwiimveliso zoshishino ezibalulekileyo. Oku kunokunciphisa inzuzo yokuqhathaniswa kwesizwe, ngokwemibiko ye-IMF.
Okwesibini, abatyalo-mali basemzini bangashenxisa ibhizinisi layo xabiso ngaphandle kokongeza nayiphi na. Baye bathengise iingxenye ezingenakuncedo zenkampani kubaphathi-mali basemaphandleni abancinci. Bangasebenzisa inkampani yokubambisa ukuze bathathe iindleko eziphantsi, iimali-mboleko zendawo. Esikhundleni sokubuyiselwa kwakhona, baboleka imali kwi nkampani yomzali .
Izivumelwano zoRhwebo zoRhwebo kunye ne-FDI
Izivumelwano zorhwebo yindlela enamandla yokuba amazwe akhuthaze ii-FDI ezininzi. Umzekelo omkhulu weli yi- NAFTA , isivumelwano esikhulu sokuthengisa samahhala ehlabathini. Yandisa i-FDI phakathi kwe-United States, eCanada , naseMexico ukuya kuma-dollar ayi-452 yezigidigidi ngo-2012. Le yinto enye yeenzuzo ze- NAFTA .
UkuThengiswa koTyalo-mali ngqo
Ii-arhente ezine zilandelela iinkcukacha ze-FDI.
- INgqungquthela ye-UN kwiNtengiso noPhuhliso ipapasha i-Global Investment Monitors Monitor. Isishwankathela iziganeko ze-FDI emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokomzekelo, i-UNCTAD ibike ukuba i-FDI ibeka irekhodi ngo-2012 ye $ 1.5 trillion. Yadlula loo ngxelo ngo-2015.
- Umbutho woBambiswano kunye noPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho ushicilela iinkcukacha ze-FDI zekota ngonyaka kumazwe alo malungu. Ibika malunga kokungena kunye nokuphuma. Iifomanani kuphela ezingabanjwanga zizo phakathi kweemarike ezikhulayo ngokwabo.
- I-IMF yashicilele i-Survey Survey International yokuThengiswa kweeNgxowa-mali ngokuthe ngqo ngo-2010. Olu vavanyo lwehlabathi lonke lufumaneka njengedatha ye-intanethi. Iquka izikhundla zotyalo-mali kumazwe angama-72. I-IMF ithole uncedo kwiBhanki Ephakathi YaseYurophu, i-Eurostat, i-OECD kunye ne-UNCTAD.
- I- Bureau ye-Analysis yezoqoqosho ibika ingxelo ye-FDI imisebenzi yamazwe angaphandle angamaqela ase-US. Inika iinkcukacha zemali kunye nokusebenza kwala maqabane. Kuthetha ukuba yiziphi iinkampani zase-US ezifunyenwe okanye ezidalwe ngabangaphandle. Ikwachaza kwakhona ukuba zininzi iinkampani zase-US ezityalwe ngaphesheya.
(Imithombo: "Iinkcazo zoTyalo-mali oluPhezulu lwangaphandle: Inqaku leMveli," iBanco de Espana, ngoJulayi 31, 2003.)