Ukusuka kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa i-wiring yombane kwizixhobo zokuhambisa izikhephe kunye neeseli ze-photovoltaic ukuya kwi-saxophones, ubhedu , kunye ne- alloys zayo ziqeshwe ngeendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa.
Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwezitye kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini abalulekileyo kuye kwabangela ukuba utyalo-mali lube luya kuba xabiso lombhebhe njengesalathisi sempilo yezoqoqosho jikelele, ekhupha i-moniker 'uDkt. Ikopi '.
Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono izicelo zethusi, i-Copper Development Association (i-CDA) iye yahlula ngamacandelo amane okusetyenziswa: ugesi, ukwakhiwa, izithuthi kunye nezinye.
Ipesenti yemveliso yobhedu yomhlaba wonke eqikelelwa yi-CDA iya kuba:
- 65%
- Ukwakhiwa 25%
- Zothutho 7%
- 3%
Umbane:
Ngaphandle kwesilivere, ubhedu ngumqhubi wombane osebenzayo. Oku, kudibaniswa nokuxhatshazwa kwe- corrosion , uductility , ukungasebenzi , kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kumanethiwekhi amaninzi amaninzi, kwenza ukuba insimbi ibe yinto efanelekileyo yombane wombane.
Cishe yonke i-wiring yamandla kagesi, gcina ilayini yamandla angaphezulu (ezenziwe kwi- aluminium engapheliyo) zenziwe ngobhedu.
Iibhasbars, abaqhubi abahambisa amandla, abaguquli, kunye ne-windings nazo zonke zixhomekeke ekuqhubeni kweethusi. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo njengomqhubi wombane, iingubo zengubo zoguqu zingaphumelela kuma-99.75 ekhulwini.
Izicelo zombane, kubandakanywa iteknoloji yekhompyutheni, iithelevishini, iifowuni kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo zeekhompyutheni, ekutshintsheni kwamashumi eminyaka ziba ngumthengi omkhulu wobhedu.
Phakathi kwezi zixhobo, ubhedu kubalulekile kwimveliso:
- Izixhobo zombane
- Ukuhamba kwesekethe kunye noqhagamshelwano
- Iiplanga zesekethe eziprintiweyo
- Micro-chips
- Abaqhubi abemi
- Magnetrons kwi microwaves
- I i electromagnets
- Ukukhupha iibhubhu
- Commutators
- I-electrodes yokuthambisa
- Iinkqubo zokufafaza umlilo
- Ukushisa kuhla
Elinye ishishini elixhomekeke kakhulu kwiqumrhu lithengiselwano.
Iifoni zobhedu eziphosakeleyo zisebenzisiwe kwi-ADSL kunye ne-HDSL yocingo yomnatha wendawo ye-intanethi (LAN). Imigca edibeneyo engaphendulwanga (UTP) iqulethe abaqhubi abambalwa abemibala, abakhiwe ngamabini amane omnquba obhedu. Kwaye nangona ukwanda kweteknoloji engena-wireless, iifowuni zoqhagamshelwano ezinjengeemodem kunye nee-routers zihlala zixhomekeke kubhedu.
Icandelo lezamandla elivuselelekayo liye lazuza ngokunxulumene nezakhiwo zethusi. Isiseko sensimbi sisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweebini zethusi-indium- gallium -selenide (CIGS) iiseli ze-photovoltaic kunye nee-turbine zomoya. Umoya omoya omnye, umzekelo, unokuba ne-1 metric ton (MT) yentsimbi. Ngaphandle kwemveliso yombane, ubhedu kuhlanganiswe neenjini kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa ezihambelana ne-teknoloji yamandla.
Ukwakhiwa:
Isibhakabhaka se-Copper ngoku siyizinto eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nokufudumala kumazwe amaninzi athuthukile. Oku kuyingxenye ngenxa yeempawu ze-bacterostatic, okanye ngamanye amagama amandla okubhebha okuvimbela ukukhula kwezinto ezinobomi kunye neentsholongwane emanzini.
Ezinye iinzuzo zobhedu njengento yokubhebha zibandakanya ukungasebenzi kwayo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezinto - kunokuthi kube lula kunye nokuhlanganiswa - kunye nokumelana nokutshatyalaliswa kokushisa okukhulu.
I-Copper kunye nama-allothi ayo kuthathwa njengesigxina kunye ne-corrosion resistant, eyenza ukuba ibe yindawo engcono yokuthutha amanzi okusela kodwa nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi anetyuwa kunye neendawo zoshishino. Ezinye imizekelo yezicelo ezinjalo ziquka:
- Ukufudumala ukutshatyalaliswa kwezicathulo zamathambo kwiimishini zesikhululo samandla kunye nezityalo zamachiza
- Ukunkcenkceshela kunye neenkqubo zokucoca ngezolimo
- Ukubhobhoza kwiindawo zokuthungulula izixhobo
- Imigca yokutya yamanzi olwandle
- Iipompo zentsimbi zokuhambisa amanzi
- Iibhubhu zokuhambisa i-petroleum yendalo kunye nefuthe
- Ukuhambisa umbane ngegesi
Kwiminyaka yeminyaka, ityhefu isetyenziswe njengetsimbi yokwakha. Eminye yemimangaliso endala yokusetyenziswa kweethusi njengento yobugcisa, isinyithi esakhiweyo siquka iingcango ze-Precinct ye-Amun Re Re eKakak, eYiputa, ehamba emva kweminyaka engama-3000-4000, kunye nelo lobhedu lombhedu oluphakathi kwe-Sri Lanka elide eli-162 Loha Ithempeli laseMaha Paya, lakhiwa ngekhulu lesithathu BC
Ubhedu obuchanekileyo buhlobisa indlu kunye neentlobo zamabandla amaninzi kunye nama-cathedrals, kwaye ngamaxesha amaninzi asetyenziswe kwizakhiwo zikaRhulumente, ezifana nezakhiwo zepalamente kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezizimeleyo, kubandakanya ezininzi ezenziwe nguFrank Lloyd-Wright.
Esinye sezizathu zokusetyenziswa ngobhedu njengento yokwakha iyakhelwe yendalo yokwakheka kohlaza olubonakalayo ebonakalayo njenge-patina-okubangelwa kwimozulu kunye ne-oxyidization yobhedu. Ngaphandle kobukeka obunomdla obumnandi, abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabaqulunqi bakhetha isinyithi ngenxa yokuba ilula, inokuhlala, ikhuselekile kwaye ilula ukuzibandakanya.
Noko ke, i-hardware ye-Copper yokucokisa kunye neyakheko, kodwa, ayigcini kwizicelo zangaphandle. Abaqambi bangaphakathi bavame ukusebenzisa isinyithi kunye nama-alloys ayo, ubhedu, kunye nebhedu kwiindawo ezifana ne:
- Ukuphatha
- Iingxobo zendlu
- Iifaki
- Iifayile
- Izibane zokukhanyisa kunye nezindlu zokuhlambela
- Iifaubhethi
- IiHinges
Izibhedlele kunye nezibonelelo zonyango, ngokubalulekayo, zixabisa ubuncwane bezakhiwo ze-bacteriostatic, eziye zaphumela ekusebenziseni kwayo njengengxube yezinto zangaphakathi, njengamaphepheni kunye nezakhiwo, kwizakhiwo zonyango.
Zothutho:
Izixhobo eziphambili zeeplani, izitimela, iimoto kunye neenqanawa zixhomekeka kuzo zonke izakhiwo zombane kunye ne-thermal zobhedu. Kwiimoto, ubhedu kunye nobhedu be-radiators kunye ne-oil coolers baye baba ngumgangatho weshishini ukususela ngo-1970. Ngoku kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zecomputer, kubandakanywa kwiinkqubo zokuhamba ngee-board, iinkqubo zokuqhawula i-anti-lock, kunye nezihlalo ezifudumeleyo, uye waqhubeka ukwandisa imfuno yensimbi kweli candelo.
Olunye ubhedu oluqukethe imoto lubandakanya:
- Ukucwenga kweeklastiki ezinqabileyo
- Izixhobo, izibophelelo, kunye nezikhonkwane zobhedu
- Imigca ye-Hydraulic
- Iibhere zeesibhondi
- Ukucima iifestile kunye nokulawula izibuko
Ukukhula kwemfuno yeemoto ze-hybrid kunye nezombane kuya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweethusi jikelele. Ngokomyinge, iimoto zombane ziqukethe ama-55lbs (25kgs) zobhedu.
Iipilisi zetsimbi kunye neekhemikhali zethusi zifakwe kwi- nickel- metal hydride kunye neetribhethi ze-lithium-ion ezenza amandla othungelwano lwezithuthi, ngelixa i-rotors ijikelezileyo zisebenzisiwe njengezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo zeemotor motors zomhlaba.
Izitimela eziphakamileyo ziza kusetyenziswa ukuya kwi-10MT yobhedu ngekhilomitha yomzila kodwa iinqwelo ezinamandla ziqukethe ubuninzi be-8MT yesiseko sesiseko .
Iifowuni zokuqhagamshelana zokulawula iintambo kunye neetrolrol ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa eSan Francisco naseVienna zenziwa ngokusebenzisa ithusi-siliva okanye ithusi-cadmium alloys.
Amaphesenti amabini omlinganiselo we-aircraft angabonwa ngethusi, ebandakanya ubuninzi beekhilomitha ezili-190 ze-wiring.
Ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamanzi atyuwa ngamaninese - kunye ne-nickel-aluminium bronzes isetyenziselwa ukukhupha iinqanawa ezinokuthi zilinganise iitoni eziliqela. Izixhobo zokuhambisa impahla, kuquka iipayipi, ukufakwa, iimpompo kunye neepavini, zenziwa kunye nama-alloys afanayo.
Okunye:
Uludwe lwezicelo zobhedu luqhubeka-njalo. Ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ziquka:
Izixhobo ze-Cookware kunye nezicelo zelanga : Iimpawu zethusi zengxube zenza iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokulungiselela i-cookware, ezifana neebhotile kunye neepane, kunye neeyunithi zokumisa umoya, iitshini zokushisa, ii-calorifiers zokufudumala kwamanzi kunye namaqhekeza omlilo.
Amawashi kunye namaWatch : Ngenxa yokuba ubhedu obungabonakaliyo abuphazamisi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinci. Ngenxa yoko, ababukeli kunye nabenzi beewashi basebenzisa izikhonkwane zethusi kunye nemigodi ekuyilo kwexesha.
Ubugcisa : I-Copper kunye nama-allothi ayo aqhelekileyo kubonakala kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, mhlawumbi ininzi edumeleyo yiSitembu seNkululeko. Lesi sithobe sineziqulatho ezingaphezu kwama-80 zethusi, eziqhotyoshelweyo kunye neengqungquthela zethusi ezingaphezu kwe-1500 kunye nee-300,000 zeebhondi zethusi, ezibangele umbala wakhe obomvu we-patina.
I-Coinage : Kuze kube ngo-1981, iqela le-United cent-cent - okanye ipenny - yenziwe ngengqekembe (iipesenti ezingama-95), kodwa ukususela ngeli xesha liye latsalwa njenge- zinc zethusi (i-0.8-2.5 pesenti yobhedu).
Izixhobo zoMculo : Yintoni ebengayi kubakho ibhondi ngaphandle kobhedu? I-Brass isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izimpondo, amaxilongo, i-trombones, kunye ne-saxophones ngenxa yokuchasana nokubola kunye nezinto ezinxamnye ne-bacterial zobhedu.
Imithombo: I- European Copper Institute. Izicelo. (http://www.eurocopper.org/copper/index.html) I-Copper Development Association Inc. Izicelo (http://www.copper.org/applications/homepage.html)