Fumana ulwazi kwiDense, Inetyhefu Yensimbi ekhoyo kwiFomu yoTywala
I-Mercury, okanye 'i-quicksilver' njengoko kuyaziwa, yinto enobunzima, into enetyhefu ekhoyo kwifom yefayili kwiqondo lokushisa. Ukuveliswa nokufundiswa iminyaka eyi-milleni, ukusetyenziswa kwe-mercury kuye kwancipha ngokunyuka ukususela ngo-1980 ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa okukhulu kweempembelelo zempilo ezibangelwa ngabantu kunye nendalo.
Iipropati
- Uphawu lwe-Atom: Hg
- Inombolo ye-atom: 80
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubuninzi: 15.534g / cm³
- I-Point Point: -38.9 ° C (102 ° F)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 356.9 ° C (674.4 ° F)
- Ukuhlaliswa kombane: 95.8 i-microhm / cm (20 ° C)
Iimpawu
Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, i-mercury yinkompo eninzi, i-silvery ene-high-level and low conductivity heattivity. Unomgangatho ophezulu wendlela yokuqhuba umbane kwaye ilula i-amalgam (i- alloys ) ngegolide nesiliva.
Enye yeempawu ezixabisekileyo ze-mercury yindlela yokukwazi ukukhulisa ngokungafaniyo kunye nentsebenziswano malunga nohlobo lwayo lwamanzi, ekuphenduleni utshintsho kwingcinezelo nobushushu. I-Mercury nayo inetyhefu kakhulu kubantu kunye nakubume bendalo, okuye kwaphumela ekunciphiseni kakhulu ukuveliswa kwayo nokusetyenziswa kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo.
Imbali
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kweMercury kunokulandelwa emva kwe-1500 BC xa isetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa amangcwaba aseYiputa yamandulo. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yeempawu zayo eziyingqayizivele, i-mercury yayisetyenziswe, yafundiswa kwaye yaxabiswa yimiphakathi eninzi, kuquka amaGrike, amaRoma, amaShayina kunye namaMeya asendulo.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, abantu babekholelwa ukuba i-mercury yayinempahla ekhethekileyo yokuphulukisa kwaye ngenxa yoko, yayisebenzisa njenge-diuretic kunye ne-painkiller, kunye namachiza ukunyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ekudakaleni kwi-syphilis. Seye isetyenziswe kwiziqholo kunye nezinto ezihlobisa. Abadumi be-Middle-Age babenomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwi-mercury yokukhangela igolide kwi-ore.
Ekuqaleni, kwacaca ukuba into eyimfihlakalo eyimfihlakalo yinto enobuthi kubantu ngenxa yendlela ephezulu yokuxhamla nokufa kwimigodi ye-mercury. Oku, ke, akuthinteli ukuvavanya. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nitrate ye-mercury ukuguqula ubuso obuvelele, obuqhele ukuqeshiswa ngabaenzi beentsimbi zekhulu le-18 ne-19, kwaphumela ekubeni igama elithi 'lihlanya njengentshaba'.
Phakathi kuka-1554 no-1558, uBartolome de Medina wavelisa inkqubo yepasto yokukhipha isiliva kwiiyora ngokusebenzisa i-mercury. Inkqubo ye-patio incike kwikhono lika-mercury lokudibanisa nesiliva. Exhaswa yimigodi emikhulu ye-mercury e-Almaden, eSpain naseHuancavelica, ePeru, inkqubo yepatiyo yayibaluleke kakhulu ekunyuseni ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso yesilivere yaseSpeyin ngexesha le-17 neye-18 leminyaka. Kamva, ngelixesha laseKalifornia, ukutshintshwa kwenkqubo ye-patio kusetyenziswa ukukhupha igolide.
Ngesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20, ukunyuka kwamanani ophando kuye kwaqala ukubonakalisa ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokukhishwa kwemichiza kunye ne-methyl-mercury kwizinto zokutya zaselwandle. Ingqalelo yafakwa kwiimpembelelo zempilo zensimbi kubantu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iUnited States kunye neYurophu yaseYurophu iye yabeka imimiselo eqinile kwimveliso, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa kwe-mercury.
U ku velisa
I-Mercury yinto enqabileyo kakhulu kwaye isoloko ifumaneka kwi-ores cinnabar kunye ne-livingstonite.
Iveliswa njengemveliso ephambili kunye nemveliso-yegolide, i- zinc kunye nebhedu .
I-Mercury inokuveliswa kwi-cinnamar, i-sulfide ore (HgS), ngokutshisa i-sulfide content okanye iifenethi ezivuthayo. I-ore echanekileyo ye-mercury ixutywe kunye namalahle okanye i-cooking coal kwaye isatshiswa kumaqondo ashushu ngaphezulu kwe-300 ° C (570 ° F). I-oksijeni igxothwa esithandweni, edibanisa nesulfure, ikhulula i-sulfur dioxide kunye nokudala umphunga we-mercury onokuqokelelwa kwaye ucolile ukuze ulungiswe ngokuqhubekayo njengetsimbi ecocekileyo.
Ngokudlula umphunga we-mercury ngepompezi epholile ngamanzi, i-mercury, eneendawo eziphezulu zokubilisa, ngowokuqala ukungena kwifom yefom yefayili kunye nokuqokelela. Phantse i-95% yemveliso ye-mercury ye-cinnabar ore ingabuyiselwa ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo.
I-Mercury nayo ingasuswa kwi-ores isebenzisa i-hydroxyde sodium kunye ne-sodium sulfide.
Ukubuyiswa kwe-mercury kwenziwa ngephalala usebenzisa i-aluminium okanye i-electrolysis. Ngokusebenzisa i-distillation, i-mercury ingahlambuluka ibe ngaphezu kwe-99.999%.
Ibanga loshishino, i-99.99% i-mercury ithengiswa ngo-76lb (34.5kg) isinyithi esenziwe okanye iiflastiki zensimbi.
Imveliso ye-mercury yomhlaba wonke iqikelelwa yi-US Geological Survey (USGS) ibe ngamathani angama-2,250 ngo-2010. I-China manje inika malunga ne-70% yemveliso yomhlaba wonke, ilandelwa yiKyrgyzstan (11.1%), iChile (7.8%) ne-Peru (4.5%).
Abavelisi abakhulu kunye nabathengisi be-mercury baquka iKhayidarkan Mercury Plant eKyrgyzstan, abavelisi be-Tongren-Fenghuang mercury belt yaseChina kunye ne-Minas de Almadén yArrayanes, SA, eyayisetyenziswa ngumbandela wamandulo wase-Almaden mercury eSpeyin kwaye ngoku ijongene ukuvuselelwa kwakhona nokulawulwa kwepesenti enkulu ye-mercury mercury.
Izicelo
Ukuveliswa, kunye nemfuno, i-mercury iye yancipha ngokukhawuleza ukususela ekugqibeleni kwayo ekuqaleni kwawo-1980.
Isicelo esisisiseko se-mercury metal eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu sisezintlu zee-cathode, ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-caustic soda. E-US, oku ku-75% yeemfuno ze-mercury, nangona imfuneko yelo seli iyancipha i-97% ukususela ngo-1995, njengokuba izityalo ze-Chlor-alkali zanamhlanje ziye zamkela i-cell membrane okanye i-cell cell diaphragm.
E-China, i-polyvinylchloride (PVC) shishino ngumthengi omkhulu we-mercury. Ukuveliswa kwe-PVC esekelwe ngamalahle, efana nokwenziwa eChina, kudinga ukusebenzisa i-mercury njengento yokuchukumisa. Ngokutsho kwe-USGS, i-mercury esetyenziswe kwimveliso yeeplastiki njenge-PVC inokuthi ilandele i-akhawunti engama-50% efunayo.
Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa okugqithiseleyo kwe-mercury ku-thermometers kunye ne-barometers, nangona kunjalo, oku kusetshenziselwa ukuhla. I-Galinstan (i-alloy ye-gallium, indium, kunye ne- tin ) sele ithatha indawo ye-mercury kwi-thermometers ngenxa ye-alloy is toxicity.
Ukukwazi kukaMercury ukudibanisa nezitye ezixabisekileyo, ekuncedeni ekubuyiseni kwabo, kuye kwaphumela ekusebenziseni kwayo kumazwe amaninzi athuthukayo aneemigodi zegolide ezizeleyo.
Nangona ukuphikisana, ukusebenzisa i-mercury kuma-amalgham wamazinyo kuyaqhubeka kwaye, nangona kuphuhliswe ezinye iindlela, kusekho shishini elikhulu kwisitye.
Enye yezinto ezimbalwa ezisebenzisayo ze-mercury eziye zanda kwiminyaka yamuva zikwimibhobho yokukhanya ye-compact fluorescent (CFLs). Iiprogram zikaRhulumente ezikhuthaza ukupheliswa kwamandla angaphantsi kwamandla e-incandescent bulb ziye zaxhasa imfuneko yeCFL, efuna i-mercury gase.
Iimveliso zeMercury nazo zisetyenziswa kwiibhetri, iziyobisi, iikhemikhali zoshishino, iipende kunye ne-mercury-fulminate, i-detonator yeziqhuma.
Imimiselo yoRhwebo
Imizamo yakutshanje yenziwe yi-US kunye ne-EU ukulawula urhwebo lwe-mercury. Ngaphantsi komthetho we-Mercury Export Ban Act ka-2008, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ye-mercury evela e-US kuya kuvunyelwa ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2013. Ukuthengiswa kwe-mercury kuzo zonke iilungu zamalungu e-EU kuvalwe ngo-Matshi 2011. iNorway sele isenze ukuveliswa, ukungenisa, nokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-mercury.
Imithombo:
Isingeniso seMetallurgy . UJoseph Newton, udidi lwesiBini. ENew York, uJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1947.
I-Mercury: I-Element ye-Ancients.
Umthombo: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/toxic-metals/mercury/
Encyclopædia Britannica. UkuPhathwa kweMigodi (2011).
Kubuyiselwa kwi-http: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/375927/mercury-processing