I-Rhodium iyinxalenye yeqela ye-platinum engaqhelekanga (i-PGM) enokuzimelela ngokwemvelo kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu, engaxhatshazeliswa nokubola kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yabaguquli be-autos catalytic.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Rh
- Inomic Number: 45
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubungakanani: 12.41 g / cm³
- I-Melting Point: 3567 ° F (1964 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 6683 ° F (3695 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 6.0
Iimpawu
I-Rhodium yinto enzima, isalathisi enemibala enesiqine kakhulu kwaye ineqondo elincibilikiweyo.
Insimbi yeRhoddium ayimelana nokubola kwaye, njengePGM, ikwabelana ngeempawu ezikhethekileyo zeqela.
Isinyithi sinokuboniswa okuphezulu, kunzima kwaye kuyomelele, kwaye kunesibini ukuxhatshazwa kombane kwakunye nokumelana okuphantsi kunye nokuzinzile.
Imbali
Ngama-1803, uWilliam Hyde Wollaston wakwazi ukuhlukanisa i- palladium kwezinye i-PGM kwaye, ngoko ke, ngo-1804, wahlula i-rhodium kwimveliso yokusabela.
I-Wollaston yachithwa i- platinum ore e-aqua regia (umxube we-nitric ne-hydrochloric acid) ngaphambi kokufaka i-ammonium chloride kunye nentsimbi ukufumana i-palladium. Emva koko wafumanisa ukuba i-rhodium yayingathathwa kwi-sulfide salts.
UWollaston wasebenzisa i-aqua regia ngoko ke ukunciphisa ngegesi ye-hydrogen ukufumana i-rhodium itsimbi. Isitya esele sasibonisa i-pink hue kwaye saqanjwa ngegama lesiGrike elithi rodon , elisentsingiselo ethi 'rose'.
U ku velisa
I-Rhodium ithathwa njengeproduct ye-platinum kunye ne- nickel mining.
Ngenxa yobunzima bayo kunye neenkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye neendleko ezifunekayo ukuze zihlukanise izitye, zikhona ezimbalwa izidumbu zeempahla zendalo eziyimithombo yendalo ye-rhodium.
Njengama-PGM amaninzi, ukuveliswa kwe-rhodium kugxile kwiinkqubo zaseBushveld eMzantsi Afrika. Ilizwe li-akhawunti ye-80% ye-rhodium yokuvelisa i-rhodium, ngelixa ezinye iindawo ziquka isitya saseSudbury eCanada kunye ne-Norilsk Complex eRashiya.
Ama-PMG atholakala kwiimaminerali ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-dunite, i-chromite kunye ne-norite.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekukhankeni i-rhodium kwi-ore isenza iinqwelo ezinqabileyo ezifana negolide, isilivere , i-palladium ne-platinum. I-ore eseleyo iphathwa nge-sodium i-bisulfate NaHSO 4 kwaye iyancibilika, iphumela kwi-rhodium (III) i-sulfate, i-Rh 2 (SO 4 ) 3.
I-Rhodium hydroxide isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium hydroxide, ngelixa i-hydrochloric acid yongezwa ukuvelisa i-H 3 RhCl 6 . Eli qela liphathwa nge-ammonium chloride kunye ne-nitridi ye-sodium ukuze yenze i-rhodium yenyuka.
I-precipitate iyachithwa kwi-acidichloric acid kwaye isisombululo siyashushulwa kude kube yilapho kuhlaselwa i-contaminants etshiswayo, ishiye i-rhodium yensimbi ecocekileyo.
Ngokutsho kwe- Impala Platinum , ukuveliswa kwe-rhodium yehlabathi jikelele kulinganiselwa kwisigidi sama-troy ama-ounces ngonyaka (okanye malunga neetoni ezingama-28 ngonyaka), kanti, xa kuthelekiswa, iikholeji ezingama-207 ze-palladium zaveliswa ngo-2011.
Phantse kwikota ye-rhodium yokuvelisa ivela kwimvelaphi yesibini, ikakhulukazi i-converts catalytic, kwakhona ngelixa intsalela isuswa kwi-ore. Abavelisi abakhulu be-rhodium baquka i-Anglo Platinum, i- Norilsk Nickel , kunye ne-Impala Platinum.
Izicelo
Ngokwe-Geological Survey yase-US, i-autocatalyst i-77% yayo yonke imfuno ye-rhodium ngo-2010.
Abaguquli abathathu be-catalytic for enginesini yee-petroli basebenzisa i-rhodium ukuba banokunciphisa ukunciphisa i-nitrogen oxide kwi-nitrogen.
U-5-7% we-use rhodium usetyenziso lwamacandelo. I-Rhodium kunye ne-platinum-rhodium catalysts zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-oxo-alcohol kunye nokuvelisa i-nitric oxide, i-nitric oxide, iziqhumane kunye ne-nitric acid.
I-akhawunti yokuvelisa iirayi enye i-3-6% ye-rhodium ukusetshenziswa ngonyaka. Ngenxa yamaphuzu abo aphezulu, amandla kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola, i-rhodium, kunye ne-platinum inokwenziwa ukuba yenze iinqanawa ezibambe kwaye zenze iglasi edibeneyo. Kubaluleke nokuba i- alloys equkethe i-rhodium ayiphenduli, okanye i-oxidize, iglasi kwiqondo eliphezulu. Ezinye i-rhodium ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yeglasi ziquka:
- Ukwenza ama-bushings, asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-glass fibre ngokukrazula iglasi ecikiweyo ngokusebenzisa imigodi (bona isithombe).
- Kwimveliso yokubonakalisa i-crystal display (i-LCDs) ngenxa yamanzi afudumele afunekayo atyibilike izinto zokuvelisa kunye nomgangatho weglasi efunekayo.
- Kwimveliso yeklasi yekratshi yokubonisa i-cathode ray tube (CRT).
Ezinye izinto ze-rhodium:
- Njengokugqiba kwezinto zokugqoka (i-electroplating white gold)
- Njengokugqiba kwezibuko
- Kwizixhobo zokusebenza
- Ukunxibelelana kombane
- Kwimihlaba yeenjini zeenjini ze-turbine kunye ne-spark plugs
- Kwiimveliso zenyukliya njengomtshini wezinga le-neutron flux
- Kwi-thermocouples
Imithombo:
I-International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA). http://www.ipa-news.com/
Survey Geological Survey. Ngonyaka we- 2010. Iincwadi zeMaminali: Iiplatinum Group Metals. http://www.usgs.gov/
Impala Platinum. Ukubonelela & Ukufuna: Rhodium. http://www.implats.co.za/implats/Supply-demand.asp
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