Fumana iifom zezona zilungelelwano kuwe nge-breakdown
Yikholwa okanye akunjalo, kukho iingxoxo ezilungileyo kumacala omabini emithwalo yemali ngokubhekisana neengxoxo zeengxowa-mali . Kuba abo akuyi 100% ecacileyo kwimithwalo, iimali ezihlawulisiweyo zokuthengwa okanye ukuthengiswa kweengxowa-mali.
Imithwalo ehlawulwe xa kuthengwa izabelo zeengxowa zibizwa ngokuba yi-front-end load kunye nemithwalo ehlawuliswayo xa kuthengiswa i-fund fund ibizwa ngokuba yimithwalo yokugqibela okanye i-CDSC. Iimali ezihlawula imali ebizwa ngokuba "yimali yokulayisha" kunye neengxowa ezingahlawulwanga iintlawulo zibizwa ngokuthi "akukho mthwalo-mthwalo."
Ekuqaleni, usenokucinga ukuba akukho mali-mthwalo yindlela efanelekileyo yokuya kubatyalo-mali kodwa oku akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isizathu sokuthengwa kwemali esithweleyo sinye nesizathu sokuthwala umthwalo kwindawo yokuqala - ukuhlawula umcebisi okanye umthengisi owenza uphando lwengxowa-mali, wenza isinconywa, uthengise yona ngxowa-mali, wabeka intengiso ngokuthenga.
Ngoko ke isizathu esihle sokuthenga imali ngumthwalo kukuba usebenzisa umcebisi wekhomishoni esekelwe kukubaluleka ngeengcebiso. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuthenga iimali zomthwalo ngaphandle kobudlelwane bomthengi osemthethweni, akukho sizathu esihle salo, ngakumbi xa kukho ubuninzi beemali eziphezulu ezingekho mthwalo zokuzikhethela.
Umgca osezantsi: Ngokubanzi, nawuphi na utyalomali owenza uphando lwakhe, ukwenza izigqibo zakhe zokutshala imali, nokwenza ukuthenga kwakhe okanye ukuthengiswa kwezabelo zentengo mali akufanele kuthenge iimali zomthwalo .
I-Managing-Managed vs I-Passively-Managed (Index) Fund
Kuthetha ukuthini abantu xa bethetha "abakhutheleyo" okanye "abangenzileyo" ngokumalunga nokucwangcisa amacebo?
Ingaba imali ephathekayo ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kuneengxowa-mali ezilawulwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo?
Isicwangciso-mali esisebenzayo sinomnqophiso ocacileyo okanye ocacileyo wokuba "ukubetha imarike." Ngendlela elula, igama elisebenzayo lithetha ukuba utyalomali uzakuzama ukukhetha izithente-mali zokutshala imali ezinokuthi zikhuphe ireyithi ebanzi, njengeS & P 500.
Abaphathi beepolfoliyo zeemali eziphathekayo eziphathekayo ngokuqhelekileyo baya kuba neenjongo ezifanayo zokugqithisa umgangatho wokujonga. Abatyalo-mali bathenga le mali baya kuba neenjongo ezifanayo zokufumana ukubuyisela ngaphezu kwe-average.
Iingenelelo zemali elawulwa ngokusebenzayo zisekelwe ekucingeni ukuba umphathi weepotfoliyo angakhetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukugcina izitokethi eziza kuphazamisa umlinganiselo wokujonga. Ngenxa yokuba akukho mfuneko yokubamba iziqinisekiso ezifanayo njenge-index index, kucingwa ukuba umphathi weepotfoliyo uya kuthenga okanye abambe i-securities engakwazi ukukhupha isalathisi kwaye agweme okanye athengise abo balindelwe ukuba bangaphantsi.
Isicwangciso sotyalo-mali esingabonakali singachazwa ngcamango yokuba "ukuba awukwazi ukubetha ', qhafaza' em." Utyalo-mali olusebenzayo luhluke ngokutyalomali-mali, oluya kusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kweemali ze-I ndex kunye ne-ETF, ukulinganisa ukusebenza komsebenzi, kunokuba ulibethe.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, isicwangciso esingaqhelwanga ngaso sonke isikhathi sichaphazela isicwangciso esisebenzayo.
Oku kubangelwa kukuba i-investing esebenzayo idinga ixesha elide, izibonelelo zemali kunye neengozi zemarike. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zihlala zikhupha kwiimbuyekezo emva kwexesha kwaye ingozi eyongeziweyo yandisa ingxaki yokulahlekelwa ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokungazami ukubetha imarike, umtyalo-mali unokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa yiyo ngenxa yokugwetywa kakubi okanye ixesha elibi.
Ngenxa yolu hlobo lwengqondo, i-index index inexabiso eliphantsi lokuhlawula imali kunye nomngcipheko kumphathi (ukungasebenzi kakubi ngenxa yempazamo eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa ngumphathi wezezimali) isuswa. Ngako ke, inzuzo ephambili yeengxowa-mali ezilawulwa ngokungapheliyo kukuba abatyali-mali baqinisekiswa ukuba abayi kuze kubekho i-market.
Ukuba ukhetha ukuya kwindlela elawulwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo, unokhetho lokusebenzisa iimali ezixhasayo kunye ne-Exchange Traded Funds ( ETFs ) okanye ungasebenzisa zombini.
Ngaphambi kokuhamba ngaphaya kweentlukwano, nantsi isishwankathelo esheshayo sokufana: Zizo zombini iimali-mali ezithintekayo (nangona ezinye ze-ETF zilawulwa ngokunyanisekileyo) ezibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-index engundoqo, njenge-S & P 500; Bobabini banomlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu weendleko xa kuthelekiswa neengxowa-mali ezilawulwa ngamandla; kwaye bobabini bangabakho iintlobo zentengo yotyalo-mali kunye nokwakha iipotfoliyo.
Njengoko sele kuthethwe apha, ii-ETF zinexabiso elingaphantsi kweendleko ngaphandle kweenkcazo zemali. Oku, kunokwakheka kwinqanaba, linikezela umgca omncinci kwiimbuyekezo kwiinkcazo zemali kumtyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo i-ETF ingaba neendleko zokuthengisa eziphezulu. Umzekelo, masithi unayo i-akhawunti ye-brokerage kwi- Vanguard Investments . Ukuba ufuna ukuthengisa i-ETF, uya kuhlawula imali yokurhweba malunga ne-$ 7.00, ngelixa i-Vanguard inkcazo yengxowa yokulandelela inkcazelo efanayo ayinayo imali yokuthenga okanye ikhomishini. Ngoko ke, ukuba wenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo okanye ukuba wenza igalelo lexesha, njengeentlawulo zenyanga nganye kwi-akhawunti yakho yotyalomali, iindleko zokurhweba ze-ETF ziya kutsalwa kwiimbuyekezo zeepotfolio kwixesha.
Ukwahlukana okuseleyo phakathi kweengxowa-mali kunye ne-ETFs kunokuqwalaselwa zonke iinkalo zomlinganiselo oyintloko: Iimali zengxelo zixhaswa ngemali kunye nee-ETs zithengiswa njengamasotokisi. Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ngokomzekelo, masithi ufuna ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa i-fund. Ixabiso ekuthengayo okanye ekuthengiseniyo alilona xabiso; Ixabiso le-Asset Net (NAV) ye-securities ephantsi, kwaye uya kuhweba kwi-NAV yengxowa-mali ekupheleni komhla wokurhweba. Ngoko ke, ukuba amaxabiso esitokisi aphakama okanye awele ngexesha lemini, awukwazi ukulawula ixesha lokusebenza kwezorhwebo. Ukuba bhetele okanye ngakumbi, ufumana oko ufumana ekupheleni kosuku.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-ETF zithengisa ngemini. Oku kunokuba luncedo ukuba unako ukuxhamla ukunyuka kwexabiso elenzekayo emini. Igama eliphambili apha yi- IF . Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukholwa ukuba imarike iyahamba ephakamileyo emini kwaye ufuna ukuwasebenzisa ngokunjalo loo mkhwa, ungathenga i-ETF ekuqaleni kwosuku lokurhweba kwaye ubambe ukunyakaza kwayo. Ngezinye iintsuku iimakethe zingaphuma phezulu okanye ezantsi ngaphaya kwe-1.00% okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kubonisa umngcipheko kunye nethuba, kuxhomekeke ekuchanekeni kwakho ekuqikeleleni ukuhamba.
Ingxenye yendlela efanelekileyo yokuhweba ye-ETF yinto ebizwa ngokuba "isasazeka," okonahluko phakathi kwe- bid kunye nokucela intengo yokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ukubeka ngokulula, enkulu ingozi apha i-ETFs engathengiswanga ngokubanzi, apho ukusasazeka kungabanzi kwaye kungathandeki kwabanye abatyalo-mali. Ngako-ke khangela i-ETFs eboniswe ngokubanzi, efana ne-iShares Core S & P 500 Index (IVV) kwaye uqaphele iinkalo ze-niche ezifana neengxowa-mali zecandelo elincinciweyo kunye nezimali zelizwe.
Ukwahlula kokugqibela kwe-ETFs ngokumalunga nesimo sabo sokuthengisa esitokisini kukukwazi ukubeka i- stock orders , oku kunokukunceda ukunqoba ezinye zeendlela zokuziphatha nezingozi zokuthengiswa kwelanga. Ngokomzekelo, kunye nomyalelo wokukhawulela, umtyalomali unokukhetha ixabiso apho urhwebo lwenziwa khona. Ngomyalelo wokuyeka, umtyalomali unokukhetha ixabiso elingaphantsi kwexabiso langoku kwaye ukhusele ukulahlekelwa phantsi kwexabiso elikhethiweyo. Abatyalomali abanalo olu hlobo lolawulo oluguquguqukayo kunye neengxowa-mali.
I-Total Stock Market Index nge-S & P 500 Index
Xa ukhetha i-stock index index, abaninzi abatyalo-mali bathatha i-index ye-stock index okanye i-S & P 500 yengxowa-mali. Uphi umehluko? Masiqale ngeemali ezipheleleyo ze-stock.
Apho abatyali-mali bangakwazi ukudideka kunye / okanye benze iimpazamo, ngaba inani elipheleleyo lemali yeemakethe zentengiso zisebenzisa i- Wilshire 5000 Index okanye i- Russell 3000 Index njengendlela yokubeka uphawu. Kokubili i-Wilshire 5000 Index kunye neRussell 3000 Inkcazo ihlanganisa uluhlu olubanzi lweempahla kodwa zombini zininzi okanye ziqulethe zonke izitokethi ezinkulu, ezenza zibe ne-correlation ephezulu ( R-squared ) kwi- S & P 500 Index . Oku kungenxa yokuba iimali zeempahla zesebe "zilinganiselwe," nto leyo ithetha ukuba banokugxininisa kakhulu kwiitokisi ezinkulu.
Ngokwemigangatho elula, isikhwama semarike yesitokhwe samashishini asiyikutshala imali "kwiimarike zesebe" ngokwenene. I-descriptor engcono ibe "yinkcazo enkulu yesitokhwe sekhosi." Abanini-zimali abaninzi benza impazamo yokuthenga isixa-mali se-stock market ekucingeni ukuba banomxube ohlukeneyo wempahla yesitokisi, i-stock-cap-stocks kunye ne-stock-cap stocks. Oku akunjalo.
Njengoko igama libonisa ukuba, i-S & P 500 Inkcazo zezimali zinezikhupha ezifanayo (ubuninzi bama-500 holdings) ezikhoyo kwi-S & P 500 Index. Ezi ziyi-500 ezinkulu ezinkulu zeemali zentengo yemarike .
Yiyiphi efanelekileyo? Iimali ezipheleleyo zeemali zeemarike zamasasheya, kwiingcamango, zinokubuyiselwa kwemali ephezulu ngaphezu kwexesha kuneemali zee-Index ze-S & P 500 kuba i-stock-cap-stocks kunye ne-stock-cap stocks kwi-index ye-stock index kulindeleke ukuba iphakame ukubuyela kwexesha elide kunexesha elikhulu iisitokisi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyiswa okungekho mveliso kungeke kwenzeke. Ngako-ke enye yezo nkcazo zeengxowa-mali ziyakwenza ukhetho oluhle njengento yokugcina impahla.
Ixabiso leeFunds vs Growth Funds
Ixabiso leemali zeempahla zenza ngcono kunokuba imali yokukhutshwa kwemali kwiimarike ezithile kunye nemimandla yezoqoqosho kunye neengxowa zemali yokukhula zenza ngcono kunexabiso kwabanye.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho mbuzo ukuba abalandeli bobabini iinkampu - ixabiso kunye neenjongo zokukhula-bazama ukufezekisa umphumo ofanayo-ukubuyisela okupheleleyo kunomtyalo-mali. Ngokufana nokuhlula phakathi kweengcamango zezombusazwe, zombini amaqela afuna umphumo ofanayo kodwa abavumelani nje ngendlela yokufezekisa loo miphumo (kwaye bahlala bephikisana namacala abo njengabangobupolitika)!
Nazi izinto ezisisiseko kwixabiso kunye nokukhula:
- Ixabiso leempahla ezixhaswa ngemali ngokuthe ngqo lityalomali kwiimpahla zentengo, ezithengiswayo zintengiso ezithengisa kwixabiso elincinane ngokumalunga nemvuzo okanye ezinye iindleko zokubaluleka kwexabiso .Value investors believe the path best to return returns, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukufumana amasheya athengisa kwisaphulelo; bafuna i-P / E neeRatios eziphantsi kunye nezivuno eziphezulu.
- Ulwabiwo-mali lwentlalo yokukhula ngokubanzi lutyalo-mali kwiimpahla ezikhulayo, ezithengiswayo kwiinkampani ezilindeleke ukuba zikhule ngokukhawuleza ngokumalunga ne-stock market. Utyalo-mali abatyhulayo bakholelwa indlela eyona ndlela ephezulu yokubuyisela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukufumana izitokisi ezinomlinganiselo onamandla ohambelana; Bafuna iqondo lokukhula lokufumana imali ephezulu kunye negalelo elincinci.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukubuyiswa kwamaxabiso okubaluleka kubandakanya kokubili ukufumana inzuzo kwimali yamasheya kunye nezihlawulelo, kanti abatyalo-mali bezityalo kufuneka bathembele kuphela kwi-capital gain (xabiso xabiso) kuba izikolo zokukhula azivami ukuvelisa izabelo. Ngamazwi ahlukeneyo, abatshali-mali baxabisa inqanaba elithile "lokuxhomekeka" ngenxa yokuba izabelo zithembeke ngokuthe tye, kodwa abatyala-mali bekhula ngokunyanisekileyo (ukunyuka kwamanani kunye nokuhla kwexabiso).
Ukongezelela, umtyalo-mali makangqaphele ukuba, ngokwemvelo, iimali zeemali, njengeebhanki kunye nenkampani zomshuwalense, zimelela inxalenye enkulu yexabiso eliqhelekileyo lemali-mali yokubambisana ne-fund. Ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunokuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu kumarhwebo kunokukhutshwa kweempahla ngexesha lokufuduka. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokuKhulelwa koMkhulu, kwaye ngoku kutshintshwa kweNkundla enkulu ka-2007 kunye no-2008, iimpahla zezemali zafumana ilahleko ezinkulu kwixabiso kuneliphi na icandelo.
Umgca wenkalo kukuba kunzima ukuchitha ixesha kwiimarike ngokunyusa ukunyuka kokubaluleka okanye ukukhula xa umntu engaphaya kwelinye. Iingcamango ezingcono kubatyalomali abaninzi kukusebenzisa nje i-index index, njengenye yee- S & P 500 zeeNgcaciso zeeNkcazo ze-Index , eziza kudibanisa zombini ukubaluleka nokukhula.
I-US Stock Funds ne-Europe Stock Funds
I-United States ngokuqinisekileyo ubutyebi obuqineleyo kwihlabathi kunye namazwe aseYurophu badibanisa nokwenza into enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo kwezoqoqosho kwezobudala emhlabeni.
I-Yurophu I-Stock yi-subcategory ye- Intanethi yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekisela kuma-portfoliyo atyala imali kwiimarike ezinkulu nakwiindawo eziphuhlisiweyo, ezifana ne-Great Britain, eJamani, eFransi, eSwitzerland naseNetherlands.
Namhlanje, uqoqosho lwehlabathi, ngokukodwa iimarike eziphuhlisiwe, zidibeneyo kwaye amanani e-stocks kwiindwendwe ezinkulu zeemarike emhlabeni jikelele ngokubanzi zihambelana. Ngokomzekelo, akuqhelekanga kwimeko yendalo yehlabathi namhlanje ukuba i-US okanye i-Yurophu ibe nokulungiswa kweemarike ezibonakalayo okanye ukuncipha okuqhubekayo ngelixa enye inandipha imarike yenkomo.
Izitokisi zase-US zinembuyekezo ephindwe ngonyaka ephezulu kwaye zihlala zineendleko eziphantsi kweYurophu. Iimpahla zeYurophu zinokubuya ngokugqithiseleyo kodwa ukubuya okubi kakhulu, okubonisa ukungabi nantliziyo enkulu (kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu weemarike).
Ngaphantsi: Ukuba ixa elizayo lifana nexesha elidlulileyo, i-Yurophu izitshixo ziya kuvelisa i-returns ephantsi kwiimali zase-US nakwizinga eliphezulu lomngcipheko. Ngako oko umvuzo awuyikugweba umngcipheko kwaye umtyalo-mali unokube ngcono xa esebenzisa amasheya ase-US kunye nokungafani kwezinye iintlobo zotyalo-mali, ezifana neengxowa-mali okanye iikota zecandelo kunye nokulungelelaniswa okuphantsi kwi-S & P 500.
Ngoku ukuba isitokisti esisisiseko kunye neentlobo zeengxowa ze-stock stock zifihliwe, masiqedele ngeentlukwano phakathi kweebhondi kunye neengxowa-mali ezidibeneyo.
Iibhonki zigcinwa ngokubakho kotyalomali-mali kuze kufike ukukhula. Umtyalo-mali ufumana inzala (ixesha elingenisiweyo) ixesha elithile, njengeenyanga ezi-3, unyaka owodwa, iminyaka emi-5, iminyaka eyi-10 okanye iminyaka engama-20 okanye ngaphezulu. Ixabiso lebhondi lingahle litshintshe ngelixa umnini-zimali ephethe ubophelelo kodwa umtyalo-mali unokufumana i-100% yokutshala kwakhe kokuqala (inqununu) ngexesha lokukhula.
Ngako oko akukho "ukulahlekelwa" kwenqununu nje kuphela xa umtyalomali ethatha ubophelelo kuze kube yilapho ekhula (kunye nokucinga ukuba i-entity issuity does not default because of circumstances, such as bankruptcy).
Iimali zobudlelwane bezivumelwano ze-Bond zixhaswa ngemali enye efaka utyalo kwiibhondi. Njengezinye iimali zentsebenziswano, iimali zentsebenziswano yezivumelwano zifana neebhasikidi ezinobuninzi okanye amakhulu emininzi yemfihlo (kulo mzekelo, iibhondi). Umphathi weengxowa-mali okanye iqela labaphathi liya kuphanda iimarike ezingenakunyuswa kwiingxowa-mali ezifanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwinjongo yonke ye-bond joint fund. Umphathi (s) uza kuthengisa kwaye athengise izibophelelo ezisekelwe kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye neentengiso. Abaphathi nabo kufuneka bathengise iimali zokuhlangabezana nokuhlengwa (ukurhoxiswa) kootyalo-mali. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abaphathi beengxowa-mali abanamabhonkco abambalwa babambelele ukuxhomekeka kude kube kukhula
Njengoko ndithe ngasentla, i-bhondi nganye ayiyi kulahlekelwa lixabiso ngelixa umniki-mboleko engekho phantsi (ngenxa yokutsalwa kwebhanki, umzekelo) kwaye utyalomali-mboleko unamathele kuze kufike ukukhula. Nangona kunjalo, i-bond mutual fund ingakuthola okanye ilahlekelwe yixabiso, ibonakaliswe njengexabiso le- Asset Net - NAV , kuba umphathi we-fund uhlala uthengisa izibophelelo eziphantsi kwenkxaso ngaphambi kokukhula.
Ngako oko, iimali zebhondi zingakwazi ukulahlekelwa yixabiso Oku kwenzeka ukubahluko obaluleke kakhulu kubalimi-mali ukuba baqaphele nge-bonds vs bond funds.
Ngokubanzi, abatyali-mali abangenako ukukhululeka ukubona ukuguqulwa kwexabiso le-akhawunti bangakhetha iimbophelelo ngaphezu kweemali ezidibeneyo. Nangona imali eninzi yekhonkco ingaboni ukuhla kwexabiso okanye ukuhla kwexabiso, umtyalo-mali onokuzimeleyo akanako ukufumana ukhululo ukubona iminyaka emininzi yokuzuza ngokusisigxina kwingxowa-mboleko yabo, elandelwa ngumnyaka omnye kunye nokulahleka.
Nangona kunjalo, utyalo-mali oqhelekileyo akanalo ixesha, inzala okanye izixhobo zokuphanda iimfuno ezizimeleyo ukuze kuchaneke ukufaneleka kweenjongo zabo zokutshala. Yaye kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeekhonkco, ukwenza isigqibo kunokubonakala kunzima kwaye iimpazamo zenziwa ngokukhawuleza.
Nangona kukho iindidi ezininzi zeengxowa-mali ezikhethiweyo zokukhetha, umtyalo-mali unokuthenga ukudibanisa ukudibanisa kwezibhonkco kunye nenkxaso-mali yendleko ephantsi, njenge-Vanguard Total Bond Market Index (VBMFX) kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ubude bemivuzo yexesha elide kunye nezivuno ngokunyaniseka okuphantsi.
Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olukule ndawo lunikezelwa ngeenjongo zengxoxo kuphela, kwaye akufanele lichazwe ngokungeniswa njengeengcebiso zotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle kweemeko ngaba le nkcazelo ibonisa isincomo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso.