I-Tellurium yintsimbi encinci kwaye inqabileyo enesithandathu esetyenziswa kwi-alloys zensimbi kunye ne-semiconductor enokukhanya ekukhanyeni kwisekhnoloji yeselula.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Te
- Inomic Number: 52
- Udidi lwe-Element: i-Metalloid
- Ubunzima: 6.24 g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 841.12 ° F (449.51 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 1810 ° F (988 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 2.25
Iimpawu
I-Tellurium yinyani ye- metalloid . I-Metalloids, okanye isinyithi-zinyithi, zizinto eziphethe zombini iipropati zezinyithi kunye nezinyithi.
I-tellurium engcolileyo iyesiliva enemibala, i-brittle kunye ne-toxic. Ukungenisa kunokukhokelela ekugungqeni kunye nendlela yokugaya kunye neengxaki zesistim seengxaki. I-Tellurium enobutyhefu iboniswa ngumlilo ovuthayo onjenge-garlic owenza ukuba kubakho amaxhoba.
I-metalloid i-semiconductor ebonisa ukuqhuba okuphezulu xa ichanekile ekukhanyeni kwaye ixhomekeka kwi-alignment yayo.
I-tellurium engokwemvelo iyinto engabonakaliyo kunegolide, kwaye kunzima ukufumana kwi-crustum ye-crustum yenkampani ye-metal (PGM), kodwa ngenxa yobukho bayo kwiimpawu ze-ore ezicatshulwayo kunye nenani layo elincinci lokusetyenziswa kwexabiso le-tellurium liphantsi kunanoma yintoni insimbi exabisekileyo.
I-Tellurium ayifumanga ngomoya okanye ngamanzi kwaye, ngefom edibeneyo, iyancipha kubhedu, insimbi kunye nensimbi engenasici
Imbali
Nangona ayengazi ngokufumanisa kwakhe, uFranz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein wafunda waza wachaza i-tellurium, eyayiyakholelwa ukuba yi- antimony , ngelixa efunda iesampula zegolide ukusuka eTransylvania ngo-1782.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, umkhandi weJamani uMartin Heinrich Klaproth olwahlukeneyo itellurium, ebiza igama elithi, isiLatin 'ngomhlaba'.
Ukukwazi ukwenza i-Tellurium yokwenza ihlanganiswe negolide-ifayili ehlukile kwi-metalloid-ibangele indima yayo kwinqanaba legolide le-19 leNtshona Koloni.
I-Calaverite, i-compound ye-tellurium negolide, yayingenasistimenti njengexabiso elingaphantsi kwe "golide yexenge" iminyaka emininzi ekuqaleni kokukhawuleza, ekhokelela ekulahleni nasekusebenziseni ekuzaliseni izibonda.
Kwakuye kwaqaphela ukuba igolide yayinokuthi - inyaniso, ngokulula-ikhutshwe kwisiqwenga, abaxhasi babebamba izitrato eKalgoorlie ukuba bachithe i-calaverite.
Columbia, Colorado yatshintsha igama layo ibe yiTelluride ngo-1887 emva kokufunyanwa kwegolide kwi-ores kule ndawo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-ores yegolide ayingekho i-calaverite okanye nayiphi enye i-compound ene-tellurium.
Izicelo zentengiso ye-tellurium, nangona kunjalo, azizange ziphuhliswe malunga nenye inkulungwane epheleleyo.
Ngexesha lama-1960 bismuth- telluride, i-thermoelectric, semiconductive compound, yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiinqununu zefriji. Kwaye, malunga nelo xesha, i-tellurium nayo yaqala ukusetyenziswa njenge-addallurgical additive kwi-steels kunye ne- alloys zensimbi.
Uphando kwi-cadmium-telluride (iCdTe) iiseli ze-photovoltaic (i-PVCs), eziye zaqala ngawo-1950, zaqala ukwenza intengiso yezentengiso ngexesha lama-1990. Ukwanda kweemfuno zezinto, okubangelwa utyalo-mali kumatshini obuchwephesha bamandla emva ko-2000 kuye kwabangela ukuxhalaba malunga nokufumaneka okulinganiselwe kwento.
U ku velisa
I-Anode sludge, eqokelelwe ngexesha lokucocwa kobhedu lwe-electrolytic, iyona mthombo oyinhloko ye-tellurium, eveliswa nje ngokuba ngumkhiqizo wethusi kunye nesiseko seziseko .
Enye imithombo ingabandakanya amaflue flue kunye namayeza aveliswa ngexesha lokukhokela , i-bismuth, igolide, i- nickel kunye ne- platinum smelting.
I-anode sludges enjalo, equlethe i-selenides (eyona mthombo omkhulu we-selenium) kunye ne-tellurides, kaninzi inomxholo we-tellurium engaphezu kwe-5% kwaye ingagonywa nge-sodium carbonate ngo-932 ° F (500 ° C) ukuguqula i-Telluride kwi-sodium tellurite.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, i-tellurites iyanqandwa kwizinto ezisele kwaye ziguqulelwe kwi-tellurium dioxide (i-TeO 2 ).
I-Tellurium dioxide iyancitshiswa njengesinyithi ngokuphendula i-oxide ne-sulfur dioxide kwi-sulfuric acid. Isinyithi sinokucocwa nge-electrolysis.
Iinkalo ezithembekileyo zokuvelisa i-tellurium kunzima ukuza kuthi, kodwa ukuveliswa kwezinto zokuhlaziywa kwehlabathi kuqikelelwa ukuba kwimizi yeetoni ezingama-600 ngonyaka.
Amazwe akhulu okuvelisa amazwe afaka i-USA, Japan kunye neRashiya.
I-Peru yayingumvelisi omkhulu we-tellurium de kube kuvalwe umgodi waseLo Oroya kunye nesakhiwo se-metallurgical ngo-2009.
I-tellurium enkulu yokucoca iquka:
- Asarco (USA)
- Uralectromed (Russia)
- Umicore (eBelgium)
- 5N Plus (Canada)
I-Tellurium yokuphinda isetyenziselwe kwakhona iyingcipheko ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo ezidibeneyo (oko kukuthi ezingenakukwazi ukuqokelela ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukuqokelela ngokwezoqoqosho).
Izicelo
Inqununu yokuphela kokusetyenziswa kwe-tellurium, ukubalwa kwengxelo ye-tellurium rhoqo ngonyaka, insimbi kunye ne-alloys zensimbi apho iyakwandisa ukukhawuleza.
I-Tellurium, engenzi ukunciphisa ukuqhuba kombane , iphinda yenziwe ngobhedu ngenjongo efanayo kunye nokukhokelela ekuphuculeni ukunganyaniseki ukukhathala.
Kwiimveliso zamakhemikhali, i-tellurium isetyenziswe njenge-agent evuthayo kunye ne-accelerator kwimveliso ye-rubber, kunye ne-catalyst ekuveliseni i-fiber kunye nokucocwa kweoli.
Njengoko kubonisiwe, izakhiwo ze-tellurium kunye neendawo ezibuhlungu eziye zaphumela ekusebenziseni kwayo kwi-CdTe iiseli zelanga. Kodwa i-tellurium ephakamileyo inobungakanani nezinye izicelo zekhompyutha, kuquka:
- Ukucatshulwa kwe-thermal (mercury-cadmium-telluride)
- Isigaba sitshintshi iikhops ze memori
- Iintsholongwane ezichaphazelekayo
- Izixhobo zokupholisa umbane
- Ukufuna imikhosi
Ezinye iillurium zisebenzisa ziquka:
- Iibhokhwe zokuhlambalaza
- I-Glass kunye neerigic pigments (apho idibanisa i-shades eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nebomvu)
- IiDVD ezibhaliselwe, iiCD kunye ne-Blu-ray discs (tellurium suboxide)