Nangona iinguqu zengxoxo ziza kunika iikhontrakthi ezimiselweyo kwiinyanga ezithile i-LME yintengo yokutshintshiselana phambili, iikontraki ezithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiintengiselwano aziyiyo yonke inyanga, kunoko ziza kuhanjiswa iintsuku ezingama-90.
I-LME ngowona mveliso kakhulu kunye nabathengi abanomdla kwihlabathi njengoko izivumelwano zayo zenzelwe i-shishini; abathathi-nxaxheba beemakethe bangenza okanye bathathe uncedo naliphi na usuku loshishino lonyaka ngokwemiqathango yabo yokumisa .
Isiseko seMetali Ngaba izakhiwo zoLuntu
Isiseko seziseko zezibhloko zokwakha zoluntu. Ukunyuka kwexabiso kudla ngokubonisa ukukhula koqoqosho loqoqosho okanye ukusila. Ngoko ke, eli candelo leemarike zintengiso linikeza ingqiqo kwimimandla yezoqoqosho emhlabeni jikelele. Kwiminyaka emininzi, iChina ibe ngumthengi obaluleke kakhulu kwiimarike zentsimbi ezinikezele ukukhula koqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuncipha kwezomnotho waseTshayina ngo-2015 kwabangela ukuba ezininzi zezi zinyithi ziwele ekupheleni konyaka ka-2015 nakwiminyaka engama-2016 ngaphambi kokuba kubuye kuhlaziywe imali.
Ngasekupheleni konyaka we-2016, enye yemiba e-US ukhetho lukaMongameli yayisakha kabusha izakhiwo zesizwe.
UDonald J. Trump ukhethwe nguMongameli wama-45 wesizwe esinemvelaphi yokwakhiwa kwezindlu kunye noMongameli omtsha wathembisa uhlanga ukuba abe ngumakhi oyintloko. Ekugqibeleni kwakukho iprojekthi enkulu yeziseko eMelika yayingama-1950 phantsi kolawulo lwe-Eisenhower.
Kungenzeka ukuba ukugqithiswa kweendlela ezinkulu, amabhuloho kunye nezithuthi zokuthutha njengeendawo zeenqwelo-moya kunye nezithuba zokuqeqesha izakuba yinjongo ephambili yolawulo lweTrump. Ekuphenduleni ukhetho loMongameli omtsha kunye nesiplato sakhe amaxabiso amaninzi kwimveliso yezoshishino, kuquka neziseko zesebe, zenze i-rally. Isinye isiseko seziseko sinempawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
ICopper
I-Copper yintengiso ye-bellwether yezoqoqosho. Umlimi omkhulu wezobhedu ngumhlaba waseMzantsi Melika, eChile. Umthengi omkhulu kunazo zonke yiChina. I-Copper inempawu ezininzi ezinobuncedo. Ayibhuduli kwaye iphezulu yombane. Ukwakhiwa, ukubhobhoza, ukukhenkcesha, ukuphefumla umoya, i-cookware, iikhomputha, kunye namanye amayeza afuna ubhedu.
Isalathisi esona sikhulu sotsimbi sibhedu, kusekuveliseni izixhobo zomculo, izinto zokwakha, ubucwebe kunye nemifanekiso ethile. I-hub yokurhweba yethusi yi-LME kodwa isahlulo se-COMEX se-Chicago Mercantile Exchange (i- CME ) inikezela isivumelwano esiqhelekileyo esizayo kwisixhobo esibomvu. Umkhiqizo we-ETN ubhedu obuthengisa kwi-NYSE yi-iPath Bloomberg Ikhonkco ephantsi kwe-ANDN- Uphawu lweJJC.
Aluminium
I-Aluminium mhlawumbi isiseko sensimbi; ithengisa umthamo omkhulu kwi-LME.
I-Aluminium yinto yesithathu eyona nto ininzi kwihlabathi. Umlimi okhokelayo kunye nomthengi we-aluminium kwihlabathi yiChina. I-Russia kunye ne-United States nazo zizwe zivelisa ezinkulu. I-Aluminium yinyithi ephikisanayo kwaye ilula. Inokusetyenziswa ezininzi kwiimoto, izithuthuthu, iinqwelo zendiza, iipleyiti zeelayisense, uphahla kunye namanzi.
I-aluminium nayo iyisithako esibalulekileyo ekuveleni kweefestile zefestile, ipeyinti, amathane, iitereyi, iipilisi, iifologi zebhotile, i-gum kunye ne-candy wrappers, iibhola ezikhanyayo, iifowuni kunye nemigqa yamandla, izixhobo zezemidlalo, izongezo zokutya, kunye ne-aspirin kunye neeninzi omnye umthengi kunye nemveliso yokwakha. I-LME inikezela ngeenkontileka zombini kunye ne-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium phambili. Umkhiqizo we-ETN kwi-aluminium eyenziwa nge-NYSE yi-iPath Bloomberg Aluminium kwi-TR ETN- Uphawu lweJJU.
Nickel
I-Nickel yintsimbi emhlophe kunye nengqungquthela enokukhanya kancinci kwegolide kwaye yenye yezinto ezincinci zentsimbi ezithengiswa kwiLME. Ixabiso le-nickel linokuba lukhulu kakhulu. Enye yeepropati ezinkulu ze-nickel kukuba ayixhatshazi ukubola. I-Nickel yintsimbi efaka isinyithi kunye nebhesi. I-nickel i-ferromagnetic, ngelixa iimakethi ezinamandla zidinga isinyithi kunye neenqwelwana zomhlaba ezingabonakaliyo, amatshini amandla angaphakathi asebenzisa i-nickel.
I-Nickel nayo iyinxalenye ekuveliseni i-coinage, iilazi, iibhetri ezinokutsha kunye nezinye i-safes-bulletproof safes. Abakhiqizi baninzi kwihlabathi yiChina neRashiya kodwa iJapan, eCanada, e-Australia kunye neNorway nayo ivelisa isinyithi. I-Cuba ngumvelisi we-nickel. I-China ibe ngumthengi obalaseleyo we-nickel kwihlabathi kwiminyaka emva nje ngenxa yeeprojekthi zokwakha izakhiwo.
Ixabiso elincinci kakhulu le-nickel kaninzi lubangela intengo yokuguqulwa ngapha nangapha phakathi kwe- contango kunye nokubuyiselwa njengento yokunqongophala kunye nezimo ze-glut zenzeka kwisinyithi. I-LME yindawo yokuthengisa i-nickel yamazwe ngamazwe. Umkhiqizo we-ETN kwi-nickel ehweba kwi-NYSE yi-iPath Bloomberg Nickel I-TR ETN- Uphawu lweJJN.
Khokela
Esinye sezinyithi zokuqala ezafunyanwa ngabantu sasikhokelela. E-Turkey, umfanekiso okhokelayo uphindela yonke indlela ukuya kuma-6 500 BC. Ubukhosi baseRoma basebenzise ukukhokelela kwiinjongo ezininzi kubandakanya iipayipi, izibhanki zokuhlamba, izimonyo kunye neepende kunye nokutya kunye neempahla zewayini. AmaRoma acinga ukuba isinyithi songezelela ukunambitheka kokutya, bavame ukupheka kwiipotho zokukhokela. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhokela kuyisitya esinetyhefu kwaye iibhox ziqokelela emzimbeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amalungu amaninzi ebuntwini bamaRoma aphethwe ngetyhefu ekhokelayo ekhokela abantu abaninzi beembali-mlando ukuba bakholelwa ukuba enye yezona zinto ezibangela ukuhla koBukumkani baseRoma.
Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kolunye okhokelayo ekukhombiseni iibhetri kodwa isetyenziso sisetyenziselwa ezinye iingubo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ezinye iipenti zezobugcisa kunye neentlobo ezithile zezixhobo zihlala zinezinyithi. Inkokheli yayiyinxalenye kwicandelo lepetroli kwiminyaka emininzi njengoko izakhiwo zensimbi zikhusela kwinjini. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje amazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-United States yokukhokelela ekuhambiseni amafutha.
Umlimi owona mkhulu ukhenketho kwihlabathi yi-China, Australia, Peru, e-United States, eCanada naseMexico. Iikhokelo zengxelo zivelisa iipesenti ezincinci zegolide kunye nesiliva ngexesha lokucoca ukuvelisa isinyithi. Inkokheli yintsimbi ethengiswayo ngenxaxheba kwiLME. Umkhiqizo we-ETN ekukhokelweni ukuba uhweba kwi-NYSE yi-iPath Bloomberg iNkqutyana kwi-ET ET- Uphawu lwe-LD.
Zinc
I-Zinc yintsimbi yesithathu esetyenziselwa kakhulu kwi-LME emva kwe-aluminium nobhedu. Amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale i-zinc njengetsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-zinc i-compounds efunekayo i-zinc ores ezininzi esasifumanayo kwiimithi zonyango ngenxa yamanxeba aqabulayo kunye namehlo abuhlungu.
Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-zinc kuya kulungiswa kwintsimbi njengokhuselo lokulwa nokubola. I-Zinc inesitye esibalulekileyo xa ifika kwi-industry-casting industry kunye nokufaka izicelo ze-zinc kwi-gutters, ukuphahla, iibhobho, imali kunye nokuveliswa kwamacandelo.
I-China ngumvelisi ohamba phambili ehlabathini kunye ne-Peru, i-Australia, i-United States, iCanada ne-Indiya nayo inika umhlaba ngexabiso elibonakalayo lentsimbi ngonyaka. I-China ngumthengi okhokelayo we-zinc ngenxa yobungakanani belizwe labemi kunye neemfuno zalo zokwakha izakhiwo. Akukho zixhobo ezithile ze-ETN ze-liquid ze-ISN e-US kodwa, ii-PowerShares DB Base Metals ze-ETF Uphawu lweDBB ziquka i-zinc kunye nezinye iziseko zentengiso ezithengiswa kwi-London Metal Exchange.
Tin
I-Tin yenye yeesinyithi ezindala kakhulu ezaziwa ngabantu. Yona isinyithi esinezixhobo ezingekho mthethweni okanye ezithengiswayo ngeLME. Ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-tin kukhokelela kwixabiso elikhulu lokuguquka kunye nexesha lokuntuleka kunye ne-gluts. Xa kuziwa kwimarike yetini, ukufunyanwa kweempahla kunokuba ngumthendeleko okanye indlala minyaka yonke.
I-Electroplating idinga ingubo yetinen esetyenziswe kubhedu, i-aluminium, isinyithi okanye ezinye izinyithi. Kukho izicelo ezininzi zasekhaya zeetini. Sifumana iinqununu kwizicwangciso ezininzi zezobisi, ama-capacitors kwi-electrodes, iintambo zombane, iimbumbulu, i-fungicides kunye ne-pesticides, i-solder kunye ne-pewter. Nokuba inambuku yeminwe idinga i-tin fluoride njengento ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa.
I-China iyona mveliso ye-toni enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kodwa i-Indonesia, iPeru, iBolivia kunye neBrazil nazo zibaluleke kakhulu kubaboneleli bezitye kwihlabathi. Okwesibini indawo enkulu yokugcinwa kweetini ehlabathini kwiMalaysia; imeko yasePenang yilapho iindawo ezinkulu zokumba iimayini kunye nokucocwa kwemisebenzi.
I-Tin iyinsimbi engcolileyo. Ngako oko, ithathe indawo yamatye kunye nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ekuveleni kwezinto ezininzi ezibandakanya i-electronics kunye neemvumi kwiminyaka emva nje. I-China ngumthengi okhokelayo wehlabathi kodwa i-US, Japan kunye ne-Russia bonke abathinteli abenzi bezinyithi ezibalulekileyo. Umkhiqizo we-ETN kwi-tin ekuthengiswa kuyo kwi-NYSE yi-iPath Bloomberg Tin I-TR ETN- Uphawu lweJJT.
Inkcitho
Sonke sifanele siqhelane nezixhobo zesiseko njengoko zihlala zinyithi zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imali okanye iimali. Enye yeengxaki ngokusebenzisa ezinye iziseko zesiseko zeemali kukuba ixabiso lalezi zinyithi zinokuthi zithandeke ngezinye izihlandlo zeso sinyithi eziqulethwe kwiinkozo zingabi ngaphezu kwexabiso lobuso lwemali.
Isiseko seziseko zezibhloko zokwakha iziseko kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukuba ukhangelelene nekhaya lakho mhlawumbi uza kufumana zonke ezi zinyithi ezibalulekileyo. I-Copper inemibhobho ezisa amanzi amanzi kwaye inxalenye yikhomputer yakho. I-Aluminium yenye yezinto ezincinci kwimoto yakho kunye neefowenu zakho zeefestile. Uya kufumana i-nickel kwiibhetri okanye kwindawo ephephile apho ugcina izinto ezixabisekileyo.
Inkokeli ininzi kwiibhetri kwaye amathuba aninzi kwibhokisi lakho lefestile kunye nakwindlela yoombane endlwini yakho. Ngaphandle kobhedu, owenza umsebenzi kwi-COMEX, indawo yodwa enika izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye nezisebenzayo kwiinkcukacha zentsimbi yiLME. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imveliso ye-ETF kunye ne-ETN ephindaphinda intsebenzo yentengo kwiintlobo ezininzi zeesinyithi ezibalulekileyo.
Nangona abatshali-mali abambalwa bezentengiselwano zentsimbi ngokuchanekileyo, kuluvo olungileyo ukubukela intlawulo yesenzo kunye neendlela kulezi zinyithi ngokucophelela. Isiseko seziseko sinokubonelela ngezinye iindlela ezintle ezichanekileyo malunga namandla okanye ubuthathaka boqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukongezelela, ezininzi iinkampani esizityalomali zifuna ubhedu, i-aluminium, i-nickel, i-lead, i-zinc okanye i-tin kwiinkqubo zabo zokuvelisa. Xa ixabiso lezinyithi lihamba phezulu okanye liphantsi liyakuchukumisa indleko zeempahla ezithengiswayo ezi nkampani ezikhokelela kwimali ephezulu okanye ephantsi.