Ixabiso elincinci kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaninzi
I-Nickel iyisityambo esimhlophe kunye nentsimbi enomtsalane kunye nokukhanya okuncane kwegolide. Insimbi engenzi-friyo kuba ingenalo isinyithi kunye nesiseko esisiseko esenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo emhlabeni kwaye idibanisa okanye idibanisa ngokulula kwaye iphendulela ngokuthe ngqo nge-hydrochloric acid ehlanjululweyo ukuze idale i-hydrogen.
I-archeologists i-nickel isetyenziselwa ukubuyela kwi-3500 BC. I-Axel Fredrik Cronstedt yokuqala i-nickel njenge-element in 1751.
Igama le-nickel livela kwiJamani, i- kupfernickel , okubhekisela kubhedu lukaSathana . Ukuqwalasela ixabiso le-nickel elibi kakhulu, akumangalisi ukuba ingcambu yegama layo ibonakalisa ukuziphatha kwexabiso likaSathana.
I-nickel imelana nokubola, yinto enqabileyo yokutshiza isinyithi kunye nobhedu. I-nickel i-ferromagnetic. Amagxolo anamandla adinga isinyithi kunye neenqwelwana zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kodwa amagoritha amandla angaphantsi asebenzisa i-nickel. Imali yeebhanki, ukuveliswa kweglasi, iibhetri ezihlaziyiweyo kunye ne-safesproofs ezikhuselekileyo ziphela zeemveliso ezingenziwa nge-nickel.
I-oyili ye-nickel ivela kwi-crust earth, i-extraction ihamba nge-opencast kunye nemigodi ye-shaft. Inkqubo yokucoca kunye nokucoca ihlukanisa isinyithi kwi-ore mined. Malunga neetoni ezili-1 zeziveliso ze-nickel ngamnye ngonyaka zivela kwimigodi ejikeleze ihlabathi. Imveliso emikhulu ivela kwiChina neRashiya, i-akhawunti engama-50% wemveliso yomhlaba wonke. Amanye amazwe avelisa i-nickel afaka i-Indonesia, iPhilippines, eJapan, eCanada, e-Australia, eCuba naseNorway.
Iindawo ezininzi zikhona e-Australia naseNew Caledonia. I-MMC ye-Norilsk Nickel ngumvelisi oyena mnye mhlaba wesinyithi. I-Norilsk ikhiqiza insimbi yeplatinum yeensimbi (i- PGMs ) njengeproduct ye-nickel mining. Ngo-2011, lo mgo wabhalisa ngaphezu kwe-25% ye-nickel yokuvelisa umhlaba.
Insimbi engenasici kunye ne-alloys akhawunti malunga nama-87% weemfuno ze-nickel zonyaka.
I-China ngumthengi omkhulu wehlabathi we-nickel. I-China iyona nto iyisebenzisayo kwiimarike zentsimbi zonke, ngenxa yezidingo zabo zokwakha izibonelelo.
I-Nickel phambili kunye nezokhetho zorhwebo kwi-London Metal Exchange (LME). Isivumelwano ngasinye sichaza iitoni ezingama-6 ngokucoca ubuncinane ubuncinane be-99.8% ngokuvumelana ne-LME efunekayo imilo, ubukhulu kunye neempawu. Uphawu luchaza i-smelter eyacoca isinyithi. Kukho indlela yokuhambisa inyama ye-nickel kwi-LME kwiindawo zokugcina izithuthi ezivunyelweyo nezilawulwayo.
Ixabiso le-nickel lingaba lukhulu kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, ixabiso liye lathengisa kwiqela elingaphantsi kweedola ezi-5,000 ukuya kwii-50,000 ngeetoni nganye. Ngenxa yemveliso emincinci kunye nokufunwa komthengi ozinzileyo, ukunyuka kwexabiso lentengo kungenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Ndikhumbuza i-nickel yokurhweba kwinkampani enkulu yokurhweba kwimpahla ekupheleni kwawo-1980. Ndathengela i-nickel kwi-mine ye-Norilsk ukuhanjiswa kweenyanga ezintathu. Ukuze ndidibanise urhwebo ndathengisa iikontraka ze-LME ngomhla ofanayo ndikulindele ukuhanjiswa kumthengisi. I-Norilsk itholakala eSiberia, kwenzeka ukuba amachweba aqhwala kwaye uNorilsk akakwazanga ukuhambisa ngomhla ovunyelwene ngawo. Ekubeni i-nickel ayifumanekanga, ndakufuneka ndiyibuyisele kwi-LME.
Kwabonakala ukuba abanye abathengisi beempahla babeqhuba urhwebo olufanayo kunye noNorilsk kwaye babekho kwisikhunjana esifanayo. Ixabiso le-nickel yosuku lokuhambisa lusondele kwaye imarike yafudukela ekubuyiseleni kweso sihlandlo sonikezelo esithile. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaxabiso asondele aphakama aphezulu kunexabiso elichaziweyo. I-yorhwebo endiyicinga ukuba yayiza kuba yimali enkulu njengoko ndade mfutshane kwi-LME kungekho nickel ukuyihambisa. Njengoko andinakukwazi ukuyibuyisela isinyithi senyama, ndithenga ngexabiso lentengiso. Amanani e-nickel abuyele kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo xa isinyithi sivela eNorilsk, emva kweenyanga. Lo ngumzekelo nje wendlela ixabiso lentengo ye-nickel lingabikho ngayo. Omnye umzekelo wenzeka nje kutshanje.
NgoJanuwari 2014, urhulumente wase-Indonesian wamemezela ukuvinjelwa kwemveliso yamaminerali.
Iinjongo zabo kufuneka zigcine ukuveliswa kwemigodi yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yasekhaya kunye nokuvinjelwa kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe. Eli nyathelo, lizwe elivelisayo, lenze ukuba inani le-nickel lihambe kakhulu kakhulu.
I-nickel yintsika ebalulekileyo yesiseko kunye nexabiso elincinci. E-US, iqela le-five cent okanye i- nickel iqukethe isaliti yensimbi. Ixabiso le-nickel liye lincinci kangangokuba ngamanye amaxesha, i-nickel ixabisa kakhulu ngaphezu kwamahlanu. Kuchasene nomthetho wase-US ukutyhawula i-nickels kunye neepennies. Isiseko seziseko ezinjenge-nickel ziyingxenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kungakhathaliseki ukuba sihlala kuphi, emhlabeni jikelele.
Uhlaziyo kwiNickel
Ixabiso le-nickel kwiLondon Metal Exchange (LME) lithengiswa kumgangatho ophantsi kuneminyaka elishumi elinesibini ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba. I-nickel idityaniswe kwi-$ 8,100 ngetoni. I-Nickel yinyithi engaxhatshazwayo enokubhikisha, eyona nto isithako esitshixo. I-Nickel yinto enye yezinto ezigqithisileyo kakhulu ezenziwa ngo-2015; Ixabiso lalingaphezu kwama-15,000 kwiitoni nganye ngomnyaka ka-2014. Isizathu sokuba ubuthathaka kwi-nickel ngumandla weDola yase-US kunye nobuthathaka kubathengi baninzi behlabathi, baseChina .
I-Nickel iyimarike encinane kunye ne-2 million yeetoni eziveliswa ngonyaka. Ubuncinane beemarike kwenza ukuba i-nickel ibe nempahla enokungaxhamli. Ubuthakathaka bezoqoqosho emhlabeni jikelele luye lwaphumela ekutshitshisweni njengoko ixabiso liye lahla ngenxa yokuveliswa kwensimbi engenasici ngo-2015. Amathuba okuba nickel, anikwe ukunyuka okuthe gqolo ngo-2015, uya kuphucula kwiminyaka ezayo. Amanani amancinci ekugqibeleni aya kubangela ukucwiliswa kwemveliso, njengoko kufutshane nesiqingatha sokuveliswa kwe-nickel namhlanje ayikho i-uneconomic. I-Nickel iye yabuya ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-November lows kwaye yavalwa nge-9,030 yeyure nganye nge-LME kaDisemba 4. Nangona kunjalo, iQela le-International Nickel Study lihlola i-nickel glut enikwe imfuno ebuthathaka kwimarike. I-Nickel yinto enye yezitye nezinto ezininzi eziye zabuhlungu kwiimarike zeebhere ezithengiswayo ngo-2011. Okwangoku, umgangatho uhlala phantsi kodwa kwiimarike ezinokutshatyalaliswa njengama-nickel, iiralli zokulungisa ziyakwazi ukudala i-spikes yamanani ngo-2016.