Insimbi yokwenza imithi eshukumisela ukusilela
I-Zinc iyinxalenye yechemic metallic. Kwizorhwebo, isichazi-magama sokuthi i-zinc i-spelter ngelixa igama ngokubanzi lichaza i-alloy alloy okanye umxube we-zinc kunye nesinye isinyithi. Isitye ishumi elinamashumi amabini anesine eyona nto ininzi efunyenwe kwihlabathi. I-Zinc ine-isotop ezinhlanu ezizinzile. Isotopes zihlobo zento enye kunye nenani elilinganayo leeponononi kodwa manani ahlukeneyo e-nuclei.
Ngoko ke, ziyahluka kwi-atomic mass kodwa zingekho kwiimveliso zeekhemikhali.
Usosayensi waseJamani u-Andreas Margraf wafumanisa i-zinc njengetsimbi ngo-1746. Nangona kunjalo, iinkulungwane ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kwe-zinc ores zavelisa ubhedu kunye ne-zinc compounds. Ezi zixhobo zonyango ngamayeza amanxiba kwaye amehlo abuhlungu aze ahlale esetyenziswa namhlanje. Ngako oko, i-zinc yayingumlwanyana wesibhozo owaziwa ngabantu. Ukususela kwinyanga yeshumi elinesibini ukuya kweleshumi elinesixhenxe, iNdiya yenze i-zinc ores kunye ne-zinc oxide. I-smelter yokuqala ye-zinc yavulwa e-United Kingdom eBristol ngo-1743.
Umveliso wonyaka we-zinc ude ngaphezu kweetoni ezilishumi elinanye kwezigidi ngonyaka. Amashumi amahlanu anesihlanu ekhulwini lokuvelisa i- zinc iya kuhlambulula isinyithi njengokhuselo lokulwa nokubola. Ipesenti ezilishumi elinesibini ziya kwimveliso yobhedu kunye nebhedu. Imveliso esele iya kwi-alloys-based alloys ukubonelela ngezoshishino zokufa kunye nokufaka i-zinc izicelo, ezifana ne-gutters, ukuphahla, iibhobho, iimali zemali kunye nokuveliswa kwee-compounds zinc.
Uninzi lweemigodi ze-zinc ziphantsi komhlaba. I-ore ye-Zinc kufuneka igxininiswe ngaphambi kokuba abatshayeli bawuphathe. Ukugxilwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubakho kwiziko lemayini ukuze kugcinwe iindleko zokuhamba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-zinc igxile kwi-55% ye-zinc kunye nobhedu, inkokheli kunye nentsimbi. I-concentrate ye-Zinc iyakutywa kwaye idibeneyo isebenzisa i-hydrometallurgical okanye i-pyrometallurgical techniques.
Inkqubo yokugcoba isusa isulfure ekujoliswe kuyo. I-smelting iya kususa ngemveliso evela ekugxilweni, equka intsimbi, ukukhokelela, isilivere kunye nezinye iimaminerali.
I-China ngumvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi we-zinc olandelwa yiPeru, eAustralia, e-United States, eCanada naseIndiya. Ezi zizwe ezithandathu zibala iipesenti ezingamashumi asixhenxe kwi-zinc ngonyaka. I-China ngumthengi omkhulu wehlabathi we-zinc. I-China idla i-30% yemveliso yonyaka jikelele, kathathu ngaphezu kwe-United States- umthengi wesibini omkhulu kwihlabathi. Izakhiwo zokwakha eChina zifuna insimbi egxininisiweyo. Ngoko ke, xa uqoqosho lwamaTshayina lukhula amaxabiso e-zinc ahlala ephakamileyo.
Imarike yenkomo yeminyaka emininzi kwixabiso lexabiso leemveliso ezaqala malunga nexesha lokutshintsha kwe-millennium entsha ithathe amanani e-zinc ukusuka kwi-$ 1,000 nganye ngetoni ngo-2004 ukuya kuma-4,000 angaphezulu kweetoni nganye ngetoni ngo-2007. Ngo-2014, amaxabiso e-zinc aye phakathi kwama-$ 2,000 kunye no-$ 2,400 nganye ngeetoni.
Kukho okwangoku kunqongophala kwimakethe ye-zinc. Oku kuthetha ukuba imfuno idlula ukunikezelwa kwangoku kwintengiso. Iimigodi ezininzi, eziguga ziza kuvala ngo-2015 kwaye abavukuzi badinga amanani aphezulu ukulinganisa indleko yokufumana nokuphuhlisa imithombo emitsha ye-zinc.
Abavukuzi abanakho ukuvelisa i-zinc ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkampani zenkampani kunye nabenzi bemali kuze kube ngo-2018. I-97.5% yazo yonke ipenki eyenziwe yi-mint yase-US yi-zinc. Okwangoku, imarike eyomeleleyo ye-real estate e-US kunye nokwandisa ukuthengiswa kwezinto zokuthengisa ngokuzenzekelayo kuqinisekisayo imfuno yensimbi ehlanganisiweyo. Ukunikezelwa kweengxube kwi-London Metal Exchange (LME) zokugcina iimpahla ziphantsi kwe-21% kulo nyaka ziwela kwiinyanga ezintathu nesiqingatha ngoJulayi 2014. Ukungaphumeleli kwemveliso kunokubangela ukuba umrhumo uphumelele okokuqala okokuqala ukususela ngo-2007 xa amaxabiso aphakama kuwo onke -ixesha eliphezulu. Ukwanda kweemfuno kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanzi ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iresiphi yamanani aphezulu.
I-Zinc yintsimbi yesithathu engabonakaliyo yintsimbi engenamandla kwiLME emva kwe-aluminium nobhedu. Imarike yokurhweba i-zinc inamandla kakhulu ekuthethwa ngayo ukuba kulula ukuthengisa ubuninzi bezitye kwixabiso elithile elinzima.
I- LME inikezela phambili kunye neenkontileka zokukhetha kwi-zinc. Inkontileka nganye yomgangatho ibonisa iitriki ezimashumi mabini anesihlanu zeetriki zeLME ezivunyiweyo ze-zinc ukuhanjiswa kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla ezivunyelwe kwi-LME emhlabeni jikelele. I-LME inikezela nge-mini-mkontrakthi emele iitoni ezintlanu ze-zinc.
I-Zinc inobunzima; siyifumana kwiingubo zensimbi, ematayeni emoto nakwi-sunscreen. I-Zinc yintsimbi kunye nezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicelo.
Uhlaziyo kwiZinc
Intengo ye-zinc kwi- London Metal Exchange ivalwe ngoDisemba 4 kwi-1550 yeyure nganye. Esi sibalulekileyo sesiseko sensimbi sisandul 'ukuthengiswa ngeminyaka emithandathu. Isizathu sokuba ubuthathaka kwi-zinc ngamandla edoli yase-US kunye nobuthathaka kumthengi omkhulu kwihlabathi, eChina .
Ngexabiso lentengo yokuwa kwe-zinc, abavelisi abaninzi banquma ukuveliswa kwezitye. Nyrstar, umlimi omkhulu waseYurophu wamemezela ukuba bayeka ukuveliswa kwemigodi emithathu yase-US. Lo mveliso owenziwe kumgodi wangaphantsi kwenkampani e-Tennessee uya kunciphisa ukuphuma kwe-zinc ngokukodwa ngamathani angama-50 000 ngonyaka. Ngo-Oktobha, inkampani eneenkampani ezinzima uGlencore zithi ziyancipha ukuveliswa kwe-zinc ngamathani angama-500 000 ngonyaka kunye nabathathu baseTshayina batshanje bathi baya kunciphisa imveliso ngemali efanayo ngonyaka we-2016.
Amanani entengo esezantsi adala ukunyuka kwemveliso xa kuza kwizinto ezininzi. Njengoko ibhasi leebhere kwizinto ezibonakalayo ziqhubekayo, ukuveliswa kwezantsi kuza kugqiba ukubonelela ngeemarike. Ukubonelela kunye neemfuno ezibalulekileyo zenze ukuba amaxabiso awele kwiimarike ezininzi zentsimbi. Njengoko amaxabiso awela, ezinye iimveliso eziphezulu zivela ngaphandle kwee-noneconomic. Xa ixabiso lexabiso lempahla liwela phantsi kweendleko zokuvelisa, umlinganiselo uyahla. Nangona kunjalo, enye yeendleko ezibaluleke kakhulu zemveliso ngumbane. Njengamafutha kunye neendleko zegesi zendalo zenzela iindleko zokuvelisa. Oku kuye kwaphumela ekuqhubekeni kwamaxabiso aphantsi kwi-zinc nakwezinye iimarike zetsimbi kunye neemveliso.