Indlela amaBhanki eMali ahlawulisa ngayo enye iNgcebiso yeNgxaki
I-Libor ifutshane kwiLondon Interbank. Ekuqaleni, iibhanki zaseLondon kwiBritish Banking Association zanyathelisa njengento yokujonga inani leebhanki kwihlabathi.
NgoJanuwari 2014, i-InterContinental Exchange ithathe ulawulo lwayo. Kungenxa yokuba i-BBA itholakala enetyala lokulungisa amanani . Uphando lokulinganisela isantya lubonakalise indlela ibhanki eyenza ngayo ixabiso lentlawulo ngenzuzo yazo.
Iibali zenzalo zeRibor zeMbali
Itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa imifanekiso ye-Libor imilinganiselo yamanani ngokuthelekiswa nomyinge weemali ezixhaswe kunyaka ngamnye, ukususela ngoDisemba 31, ukususela ngo-1986. Nika ingqwalasela ngokukodwa kwii-Libor amaxabiso ngexesha le-2006 ukuya ku-2009, xa lihluke mali.
Ngo-Ephreli 2008, iinyanga ezi-3 zeLibor zaphakama ukuya kuma-2.9 ekhulwini njengoko i- Federal Reserve yanciphisa isantya semali kwi-2%. Oko kwakungemva kokuba iFed ihlasele ngesantya isiqingatha sixhenxe kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe ezidlulileyo. Isantya semali esondliwa ngoku ibuyele kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo.
Kutheni i-Libor yajika ngokukhawuleza kwi- interest rate ye-Fed? Amabhanki aqala ukwethuka xa iFed ikhupha i-Bear Stearns .
Kwakuya kuhlawulwa ngenxa yokutyalo-mali kwi- mortgage subprime . Kuzo zonke iintwasahlobo kunye nehlobo, iibhanki zanqikaza ukuboleka omnye nomnye. Babesaba ubopheko obubandakanya imali ephantsi kwee-mortgage . ULibor wenyuka ngokukhawuleza ukubonisa indleko ephezulu yokuboleka.
Ngomhla ka-Oktobha 8, 2008, i-Fed iyancipha ireyithi yemali eyondliwe ukuya kuma-1.5 ekhulwini.
ULibor wenyuka waya kuma-4,8 ekhulwini ngo-Oktobha 13. Ukuphendula, i-Dow yawa ngama-14 ekhulwini ngo-Oktobha.
Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2009, uLibor ubuyele kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo ngenxa yemigqaliselo ye-Federal Reserve yokubuyisela imali .
Ukususela ngo-2010, uLibor uye wayeka ngokuthe ngantoni ukuba abe sisondele kwizinga lokuhlawula imali. Ukususela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2013, ii-Fed zasebenzisa ukunyuka kwamanani ukugcina amaxabiso aphantsi. Yathengisa amanqaku e- US Treasury kunye ne- secured-backed securities ezivela kumabhanki ayo.
Ehlotyeni ka-2011, i-Fed yamemezela i- Operation Twist , enye indlela yokunciphisa umzimba. Nangona le nto ilula, i-Libor rate yavuka ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-2011. Abatyali baxhalabele malunga nokuhlawulwa kwetyala elivela kwiGrisi kunye nabanye abancedisayo kwi- crisis ye - eurozone .
Ekupheleni kuka-2015, uLibor waqala ukuvuka. Abatyalomali babelindele ukuba iKomiti ye - Federal Open Market ikwandise izinga lokunyusa imali ngenyanga kaDisemba. Into efanayo yenzeka ngo-2016.
Iinyanga ezi-3 i-Libor Iqhathaniswa neKhadi leMali yeeMali
| Umhla | Inani leFund Funds | I-3-Inyanga ye-LIBOR Imali |
|---|---|---|
| Dec 31 1986 | 6.00 | 6.43750 |
| Dec 31 1987 | 6.88 | 7.43750 |
| Dec 30 1988 | 9.75 | 9.31250 |
| Dec 29 1989 | 8.25 | 8.37500 |
| Dec 31 1990 | 7.00 | 7.57813 |
| Dec 31 1991 | 4.00 | 4.25000 |
| Dec 31 1992 | 3.00 | 3.43750 |
| Dec 31 1993 | 3.00 | 3.37500 |
| Disemba 30 1994 | 5.50 | 6.50000 |
| Dec 29 1995 | 5.50 | 5.62500 |
| Dec 31 1996 | 5.25 | 5.56250 |
| Dec 31 1997 | 5.50 | 5.81250 |
| Dec 31 1998 | 4.75 | 5.06563 |
| Dec 31 1999 | 5.50 | 6.00375 |
| Dec 29 2000 | 6.50 | 6.39875 |
| Dec 31 2001 | 1.75 | 1.88125 |
| Dec 31 2002 | 1.25 | 1.38000 |
| Dec 31 2003 | 1.00 | 1.15188 |
| Dec 31 2004 | 2.25 | 2.56438 |
| Dec 30 2005 | 4.25 | 4.53625 |
| Jan 31 2006 | 4.50 | 4.68000 |
| Mar 28 2006 | 4.75 | 4.96000 |
| Meyi 10 2006 | 5.00 | 5.16438 |
| Juni 29 2006 | 5.25 | 5.50813 |
| Septemba 18 2007 | 4.75 | 5.58750 |
| Oktobha 31 2007 | 4.50 | 4.89375 |
| Dec 11 2007 | 4.25 | 5.11125 |
| Jan 22 2008 | 3.50 | 3.71750 |
| Jan 30 2008 | 3.00 | 3.23938 |
| Mar 18 2008 | 2.25 | 2.54188 |
| NgoMatshi 30 2008 | 2.00 | 2.85000 |
| Oktobha 8 2008 | 1.50 | 4.52375 |
| Oktobha 29 2008 | 1.00 | 3.42000 |
| Disemba 16 2008 | 0 | 2.18563 |
| Mar 31 2009 | 0 | 1.19188 |
| Juni 17 2009 | 0 | 0.61000 |
| Dec 18 2009 | 0 | 0.25125 |
| Dec 31, 2010 | 0 | 0.30281 |
| Dec 31, 2011 | 0 | 0.58100 |
| Dec 31 2012 | 0 | 0.30600 |
| Dec 31 2013 | 0 | 0.24420 |
| Dec 31, 2014 | 0 | 0.25560 |
| Dec 31 2015 | .50 | 0.62000 |
| Dec 31 2016 | .75 | 0.99789 |
(Umthombo: "Ixabiso leMali yeNgxowa-mali," i-Federal Reserve.)
Imbali yo kuqala
Ngama-1980, iibhanki kunye neengxowa zemali zaqala ukukhetha iindlela zokuthengisa ngokusekelwe kwimali-mboleko. Izivumelwano ezifumanayo zithembisa ukubuyiswa okukhulu. Kwakukho ikhonkco enye. Bobabini amaqela kufuneka avume ngokuvumelana nemilinganiselo yemigangatho yemali-mboleko. Bayafuna indlela efanelekileyo yokufumana ukuba ibhanki iya kuhlawulisa imali ezayo.
Ngelo xesha uMbutho weBhanki waseBrithani wangena kuwo. Ngo-1984, yakha ipaneli yeebhanki. Wababuza ukuba yeyiphi intsingiselo yemali abaya kubahlawula ngayo ubude beemali ezihlukeneyo zemali kwiimali ezahlukeneyo. Amabhanki ngoku angasebenzisa iziphumo kwiimveliso ezivela kwixabiso.
Umbuzo wolu vavanyo lwangokuthi, "Ucinga ngantoni na i-deposited term deposits iya kunikwa ibhanki enye ebalulekileyo kwenye ibhanki ephakamileyo ngokukhululeka kweemarike namhlanje ngo-11?"
NgoSeptemba 2, 1985, i-BBA yashicilela i-Libor ngaphambili. Kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-BBAIRS, ifutshane kwi-British Bankers Association Interesting Swap Exchange. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 1986, yakhupha iRibor yokuqala yexabiso leemali ezintathu: i- dollar yase - United States yaseBrithani kunye neJapan yaseJapan .
I-BBA yasabela kwiingxaki zemali ka - 2008 ngokuguqula umbuzo walo wophando. Yabuza amalungu ephaneli, "Ngayiphi na imali enokuyiboleka imali, ngaba unokwenza oko ngokucela kwaye emva koko wamkele ukunikezelwa kwebhanki ephakathi kwamanani athengisekayo phambi kwe-11?" Umbuzo wawunokwenene. Yanikezela ngemiphumo engcono ngokubuza ibhanki oko okunokwenene, kunokuba yintoni ecinga ngayo.