Inkcazo: Ukulungiswa kwexabiso xa amaziko amabini, ngokuqhelekileyo iinkampani, avuma ukuthengisa umkhiqizo ngexabiso elibekiweyo. Bakwenza oku ukuze bagcine inzuzo . Kulula kakhulu ukuba i- monopolies ukulungisa amanani. Basebenza ngaphandle kwabakhuphiswano abanganikela ngemveliso ngamanani aphantsi.
Iintlobo zeeNtengo zokuQinisa
Isivumelwano sokuphakamisa amaxabiso: Bonke abakhuphisanayo bavuma ukuphakamisa amaxabiso emveliso ngemali ethile. Ngo-2012, iKhabhinethi yoMthetho weCardozo yanyathelisa uphando lweziganeko ezinjalo ezingama-75.
Ifumene izivumelwano ezinjalo ziphakamisa amaxabiso ngama-20 ekhulwini. (Umthombo: u-Connor, uJohn M. noLande, uRobert H., "iCartels njengeCandelo loShishino loBuchule." (Novemba 1, 2012) 34 Ukuhlolwa koMthetho weCardozo 427 (2012).
Ukukhupha okanye amaxabiso aphantsi: Urhulumente ulungisa amanani ngokubeka intengo ekhululekile. Ngama-1970, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okwenyuka kwamanani kutshabalalisa ukuzithemba kwabathengi ngokwabo. Amanani alungiselelwe urhulumente ukuyeka ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokubuyisela ukuzithemba. Isixhobo esinamandla kakhulu kwaye sisetyenziselwa kuphela xa umgaqo-nkqubo weemali ubonakaliswe ungasebenzi
Ukulungiswa kwexabiso elimileyo: Likho phakathi kokhuphiswano kwimveliso ethile. Kwakuyindlala kakhulu eyenziwa yi-OPEC. Nangona amazwe alungisa amanani kwioli, zikarhulumente, azithengisi, iinkampani. Oku kwenza ukuba bangaphaya kwemithetho yase-US yokungathembeki, ngokweSigqibo seNkundla yeSithili se-1979 sase-US.
Ukulungiswa kwexabiso elilinganayo: Ngokuqhelekileyo kubakho phakathi kwabo abakwi-chain chain , njengomenzi wezithuthi kunye nabathengisi bayo.
Ngokomzekelo, umenzi wododoli odumile angasebenzisa i-clout yayo ukunyanzelisa abathengisi bayo ukuba balandele "Ixabiso leZithengiso eziPhakamisayo," kwaye anganikeli ukuthengisa okanye izaphulelo. Olu hlobo lokulungiswa kwemali alukho mthethweni ukususela ngowe-1911. Siyabulela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiMiles v. Ipaki xa iNkundla yathi ukulungiswa kwexabiso kuphule umthetho we-Sherman Antitrust.
Abanye abakhiqizi bafumana le nto ngokudibanisa ngokulandelelana . Umzekelo, i-Apple inezitolo zayo. Oku vumela ukuba ihlale ixabiso elipheleleyo ngaphandle kokutshutshiswa ngokulungiswa kwexabiso elingekho mthethweni.
U mzekelo
Ngowe-1992: i-ADM ibeke ixabiso le-lysine, i-additive in corn and other animal feed, kunye nabaqhubi bayo baseJapan naseKorea. Umqhubi, uMark Whitacre wadlala nguMat Damon kwifilimu ka-2009, "i-Informant."
Ngo-2006: Iinqwelo ezincinane ezingama-20 zabanjelwa ukuba zilungise intlawulo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla yomhlaba jikelele. Bahlawuliswa ngeebhiliyoni ezingama-3.
Ngo-2010 - 2014: Urhulumente wahlawula i-Bridgestone i-$ 425 yezigidi ukulungiselela ukulungiswa kwentengo kwizithuthi zemoto. Uphando lweminyaka emine lufumene iinkampani ezingama-26 ezavuma ukulungisa amanani. Kwakuquka uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso, kubandakanywa izixhobo zokuqala, izibhanti zokuhlala kunye nezinye izikolo ezili-150. Iinkampani ziyavumelana kwi-2 billion yeebhiliyoni. IKhomishoni yaseYurophu yahlawulisa enye i-$ 1.3 yezigidigidi kubakhi abahlanu.
Ngo-2012: Amabhanki agxininisa inzala yesibini ebaluleke kakhulu yehlabathi. Baquka iBarlay, UBS, uRabobank kunye neRoyal Bank yaseScotland. Isilinganiso seLibor sisiseko samanani amaninzi emdla kuwo wonke umhlaba. Lilandela ngokukhawuleza izinga elibaluleke kakhulu lehlabathi, izinga lokunyusa imali . Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2007 kwahlukana kakhulu , kubonisa ukuqala kweengxaki zemali ka- 2008 .
Njengomphumo wokulungiswa kwamanani, ulawulo lwe-LIBOR lwatshintshela kwi-InterContinental Exchange ngo-2014. (Umthombo: uChristopher Alessi, no-Mohammed Aly Sergie, "Ukuqonda i-Libor Scandal," iBhunga kwiZondlo zangaphandle, ngoDisemba 5, 2013. Matt Taibbi, "I-Scallal ye-Biggest Financial", i-Rolling Stone, ngo-Ephreli 25, 2013.)
2013: I-Apple itholakala enetyala lenani lokulungisa i-e-ncwadi kunye nabavakalisi abakhulu be-intanethi. (Umthombo: "I-Apple ithola inetyala kwi-E-Book Price Ilungelelanisa," Ixesha, ngoJulayi 10, 2013.)
Kutheni ukulungiswa kwexabiso kungekho mthethweni
Ukulungiswa kwexabiso kuphazamisa imithetho eqhelekileyo yokufunwa nokunikezelwa . Inika i-monopolies umgca kumncintiswano. Akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu yabathengi. Babeka amanani aphakamileyo kumakhasimende, ukunciphisa izikhuthazo zokuphucula nokuphakamisa izithintelo zokungena. Ukugqithisa iindleko zabathengi kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kunokuba lawo mazwe athola uncedo lwangaphandle.
Ukubambisana kuye kwaba kungekho mthethweni eMelika ukususela kumhlathi weSherman Act ngo-1890. Kodwa abaqeqeshi besizwe baqala ukukhupha kuphela xa ubuqili bobuhle be-lysine becaca ngo-1990. (Umthombo: "Iinqwelo zeeCartels: Kanye nje enye," i-Economist, Matshi 29, 2014.)