Izizathu ezine Zibi-Nesinye Isihlandlo Ziyimfuneko
Ezinye iinkampani ziba zizodwa ngokubambisana ngokuhambelana. Zilawula lonke udidi lweenkonzo , ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwiivenkile. Abanye basebenzise ukuhlanganiswa okungaqhelekanga. Bathengela abakhuphiswano kude kube yilabo kuphela abasalayo.
Abanye, njengemisebenzi, banandipha imimiselo karhulumente ebanikezela imarike. Oorhulumente benza oku ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kombane kunye nokuhanjiswa kuba ayikwazi ukunyamezela ukuphazamiseka okungafumaneka kwimikhosi yamahhala .
Izizathu ezine Zesizathu Sokuba Zibi Ngezoqoqosho
I-monopolies iyanqanda ukuhweba ngokukhululekileyo, ukuthintela ukuthengisa kwixabiso. Oku kudala ezi ziphumo ezine ezibi:
1. Njengoko i-monopolisi yodwa ngababoneleli ngabanye, banako ukubeka nayiphi na ixabiso abayikhethayo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ukulungiswa kwamanani , kwaye banokukwenza oku kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafuna ntoni kuba bayazi ukuba abathengi abanakho ukhetho. Kuyinyani ngokukodwa xa kukho imfuneko yokungafuneki kwempahla kunye neenkonzo. Yilapho abantu bengenako ukuguquguquka okukhulu. I-petroli ngumzekelo. Abanye abaqhubi banokutshintshela kwizinto ezininzi zokuhamba okanye iibhasikidi, kodwa uninzi alukwazi.
2. Akunakwenzeka kuphela ukuba iindwendwe ziphakamisa amaxabiso, kodwa nazo zinokunikezela ngemveliso engaphantsi. Oku kwenzeka kwezinye iindawo zasezidolophini, apho izitolo zokutya ziyazi ukuba izakhamuzi ezihlwempuzekileyo zinezinye iindlela ezimbalwa.
3. I-monopalies ilahlekelwa nayiphi na inkuthazo yokuphucula okanye yokubonelela "iimveliso ezintsha kunye neziphuculweyo". Ucwaningo lwe-2017 yi-National Bureau of Research Economics luthi amashishini ase-US atyala imali engaphantsi kwekulindeleke ukususela ngo-2000 ngenxa yokunciphisa ukhuphiswano. Kwakuyinyaniso kwiinkampani zeekhamera kude kube yilapho izitya ze-satellite kunye neenkonzo zokusasaza kwi-intanethi ziphazamise ukubamba kwazo kwixabiso.
4. I-monopolies yenza ukunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ekubeni bangakwazi ukubeka nayiphi na ixabiso abayifunayo, baya kuphakamisa iindleko kubaxhasi. Kubizwa ngokuba yixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Umzekelo omhle wendlela oku kusebenza ngayo i- Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries . Amazwe angama-12 aphumayo ngamafutha e-OPEC ngoku alawula ixabiso lama-46 ekhulwini yeoli eveliswa kwihlabathi.
I-OPEC ininzi yekholethi kunokuba yedwa. Okokuqala, ininzi yeoli iveliswa lizwe elinye, i-Saudi Arabia. Unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuchaphazela intengo ngokwayo ngokuphakamisa okanye ukunciphisa imveliso. Okwesibini, onke amalungu kufuneka avumelane nexabiso elibekwe ngu-OPEC. Nangona kunjalo, abanye banokuzama ukunciphisa ixabiso ukuze bafumane isabelo esincinci seemarike. Ukunyanzeliswa kwexabiso le-OPEC akulula. Sekunjalo, amazwe e-OPEC enza ngaphezulu komgqomo weoli kunokuba ayenzi phambi kwe-OPEC. Lelo gunya ladala i- OPEC ye-oil embargo kuma-1970.
Ngaba i-Monopolies Ever Ever Good?
Ngamanye amaxesha ulawulo olufunekayo. Iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuqhubekayo kwemveliso okanye inkonzo enexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu. Umzekelo umbane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kubiza kakhulu ukukwakha izityalo zamanzi okanye amatsha, ngoko kwenza ukuba uqoqosho luvumele ukuba i-monopolies ilawulwe amanani ukuhlawula ezi ndleko.
Oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni kunye basekuhlaleni balawula ezi shishini ukuba zikhusele umboleki.
Iinkampani zivunyelwe ukusetha amaxabiso ukuba ahlawule iindleko zawo kunye nenzuzo efanelekileyo.
Umxhasi-ntsebenziswano we-PayPal uPeter Thiel ukhuthaza iinzuzo zokuzimela ngokuzimela. Leyo nkampani "intle kakhulu kwizinto ezenzayo ukuba akukho nanye ifoni inokunikela ngokutshintshela." Banika abathengi ukhetho olongezelelweyo "ngokudibanisa ngokupheleleyo iindidi ezintsha zehlabathi."
Uyaqhubeka athi, "Zonke iinkampani ezonwabileyo zihlukileyo: ngamnye ufumana i-monopoly ngokuxazulula ingxaki ekhethekileyo. Ucebisa ukuba oosomashishini bagxininise "Yintoni na inkampani ebalulekileyo kungekho mntu owakhayo?"
I-Monopalies e-United States
I-Monopolies e-United States ayikho mthethweni, kodwa uMthetho we-Anti-Trust weSherman ubavimbela ukuba basebenzise amandla abo ukuze bafumane inzuzo. I-Congress yenze umthetho ngo-1890 xa i-monopolies yayithemba.
Iqela leenkampani liza kwenza i-trust yokulungisa amanani aphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba abaqhubi bezoshishino. Emva kokuba bephethe ukuthengiswa kweemarike, babeza kuphakamisa amaxabiso ukuze babuyisele inzuzo yabo.
Intembeko eyaziwayo kakhulu yi-Standard Oil Company. UJohn D. Rockefeller wayenayo yonke imveliso yokucoca ioli, eyayise-Ohio, ngo-1890. Ukuzimela kwakhe kwamvumela ukuba alawule intlawulo yeoli . Waxhatshaza iinkampani zendlela zoomzila ukuba zihlawulise intengo ephantsi yokuthutha. Xa i-Ohio isongela isenzo somthetho sokumkhupha ngaphandle kweshishini, wathuthela eNew Jersey.
Ngo-1998, iNkundla yeSithili sase-US yamgweba ukuba iMicrosoft yayingekho mthethweni. Yayinendawo yokulawula njengendlela yokusebenza yeekhompyutheni zobuqu kwaye isetyenzisile oku kusongela umnini-mthengisi, Intel ipmaker. Kwakunyanzela ukuba abenzi bekhompyutheni banqabe iteknoloji ephezulu. Urhulumente uyalela iMicrosoft ukwabelana ngolwazi malunga nenkqubo yalo yokusebenza, ukuvumela abaqhubi ukuba bathuthukise iimveliso ezintsha ngokusebenzisa isiteji seWindows.
Kodwa ezobuchwepheshe eziphazamisayo ziye zenza okungakumbi ukuphazamisa ukuzimela kweMicrosoft kunezenzo zikaRhulumente. Abantu bayashintsha kumadivayisi eselula, afana namacwecwe kunye nee-smartphones, kunye ne-Microsoft inkqubo yokusebenza kwezi zixhobo ayizange ithandwe kwiimarike.
I-Google isondele ukuba iyigxile kwi-intanethi yokukhangela i-intanethi. Abantu basebenzisa i-Google ngamaphesenti angama-65 kuwo onke uphando. Abancintiswano abasondeleyo, iMicrosoft Bing kunye ne-Yahoo, benza ama-34 ekhulwini adibeneyo. Kodwa iGoogle isoloko ihlaziywa i-algorithms yosesho yokunceda ukulawula i-80 pesenti yazo zonke iintengiso ezihlobene nophando.
> Imithombo:
> "Iintlanzi ezintathu 'zoLwazi lweNdalo," "I-Wall Street Journal, ngo-Oktobha 13, 2014
> "UMthetho we-Sherman Anti-Trust Act," i-American.gov archive
> "Ixesha elide leMicrosoft Anti-Trust lingaphezulu," i-Seattle Times, ngoMeyi 11, 2011
> "I-Google Monopoly ayiyisimboli," iBusinessweek, Septemba 23, 2011