Ziziphi Iinjongo Zaso Zithathu?
Iinjongo ezintathu ze-OPEC
Injongo yokuqala ye-OPEC kukugcina amaxabiso anzile . Ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu ayo athola ixabiso elinjengeoli. Ekubeni ioli ixabiso elifanelekileyo, abasebenzisi abaninzi basebenzisa izigqibo zabo zokuthenga ngaphandle kwexabiso.
Iyintoni intengo enhle? I-OPEC isithethe ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba yayiphakathi kweedola ezingama-70 kunye ne-80 ngemigodi. Kuloo maxabiso, amazwe e-OPEC anelungelo elaneleyo lokuncedisa iminyaka eyi-113. Ukuba amaxabiso awela ngaphantsi kwelokujoliswe kuwo, amalungu e-OPEC avuma ukukhawulela ukunikezela ukunyusa amaxabiso aphezulu.
Kodwa i-Iran ifuna ukunciphisa amaxabiso ukuya kuma-60 engama-barrel. Ukholelwa ukuba intengo ephantsi iya kuqhuba abavelisi beoli be-US shale , abafuna umda ophezulu. Ikhefu lase-Iran-nokuba nexabiso lingaphezu kwama-dollar engama-50. I-Saudi Arabia idinga i-$ 70 ibhayili ukuze idilize.
Ngaphandle kwesi sivumelwano, amazwe aphuma kumafutha ngamafutha aya kunyusa ukwandisa ukubonelela ngenjongo yokwenza imali engaphezulu yelizwe. Ngokukhuphisana nomnye nomnye, baya kuqhuba amaxabiso angaphantsi. Oku kuya kushukumisa ngakumbi imfuneko yehlabathi. Amazwe e-OPEC aya kuphuma kwizinto zabo ezixabisekileyo ngokukhawuleza. Kunoko, amalungu e-OPEC avuma ukuvelisa okwaneleyo ukugcina ixabiso eliphakamileyo kuwo onke amalungu.
Xa amaxabiso angaphezulu kwama-80 engama-barrel, amanye amazwe anokukhuthaza ukuhlawula iindawo ezininzi zeoli.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, xa amaxabiso eoli efika kufuphi ne-100 yemitha ngomjikelo, kwaba yindleko efanelekileyo kwiCanada ukuphonononga imithombo yeoli ye-shale . Iinkampani zase-US zisebenzise ukukhwabanisa ukuvula indawo yeoli yeBakken kwimveliso. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthengiswa okungewona u-OPEC kwandiswa.
Injongo yesibini ye-OPEC kukunciphisa ukunyuka kwexabiso leoli . Ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza, ukucoca ioli kufuneka kusebenze iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki.
Izakhiwo zokuvala zingonakalisa ngokwenene ukufakelwa kweoli kunye neendawo ngokwabo. Ukuloba i-Ocean kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ukuvala. Kuloo nto i-OPEC inomdla wokugcina ixabiso lehlabathi lizinzile. Utshintshi oluncinane kwimveliso luhlala lwanele ukubuyisela ukuzinza kwexabiso.
Ngokomzekelo, ngoJuni 2008, amaxabiso eoli atshabalalisa ixesha elide elinama-143 ngemigodi. I-OPEC yaphendula ngokuvuma ukuvelisa ioli. Olu tshintsho lwazisa amanani phantsi. Kodwa ingxaki yezemali yehlabathi jikelele yathumela amaxabiso eoli iyancipha kwi $ 33.73 ngomgqomo ngoDisemba. I-OPEC iphendule ngokunciphisa ukubonelelwa. Oku kunceda amaxabiso aphinde azinze.
Injongo yesithathu ye-OPEC ukulungelelanisa ukunikezelwa kweoli yehlabathi ekuphenduleni ukusweleka. Ngokomzekelo, ithathe indawo yeoli elahlekileyo ngexesha leCrisis Crisis ngo-1990. Izigidi ezili-barrels zeoli ngosuku zacinywa xa amabutho kaSaddam Hussein abhubhisa ii-refineries e-Kuwait. I-OPEC yongeze imveliso ngo-2011 ngethuba le-Libya.
Abaphathiswa bee-oyile kunye nezamandla ezivela kumalungu e-OPEC bahlangane ubuncinane kabini ngonyaka ukudibanisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuvelisa ioli. Ilungu ngalinye lizwe lihlala lenkqubo yembeko apho wonke umntu avuma ukuvelisa inani elithile. Ukuba ilizwe likhupha phezulu, akukho sikhokelo okanye isohlwayo.
Ilizwe ngalinye lijongene nokubika imveliso yalo. Kule meko, kukho indawo "yokukhohlisa." Izwe aliyi kuhamba ngaphezu kwekota yalo ngaphandle kokuba lifuna ukubeka ingozi ekukhutshwe kwi-OPEC.
Nangona amandla alo, i-OPEC ayikwazi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo intlawulo yeoli. Kwamanye amazwe, iirhafu ezongezelelweyo zenziwa kwi-petroli nakwezinye iimveliso zokuphela kweoli ukuxhasa ulondolozo. Amaxabiso eoli nawo asekwe yimarike yexesha elizayo . Uninzi lwexabiso leoli lichongiwe ngabathengisi bemveliso. Esi sizathu sokuba ixabiso leoli liphezulu .
Amalungu e-OPEC
U-OPEC unamalungu angama-12 asebenzayo. I-Ecuador yayimisa ubulungu bayo ngo-1992 kwaye yaqalisa kwakhona ngo-2009.
| Country OPEC | Uhlangene | Kukhoyo | I-oyile iveliswe (mbpd) 2015 | Amazwana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aljeriya | 1969 | Afrika | 1.16 | |
| Angola | 2007 | Afrika | 1.77 | |
| Ekhuwado | 1973 | EMntla Merika | 0.54 | |
| Gabhon | 1975 | Afrika | N / A | Ukupheliswa. |
| Indoneshiya | 1962 | EAsia | 0.69 | Uya kuhoxa ngaphandle kokucima umkhiqizo. |
| Iran | 1960 | Phakathi empuma | 3.15 | Uya kuphakama nge-0.5 mbpd ngenxa yesivumelwano senyukliya . |
| Irakh | 1960 | Phakathi empuma | 3.5 | Ifuna iimali ze- Iraq War . |
| Khuweyithi | 1960 | Phakathi empuma | 2.86 | |
| Libhiya | 1962 | Phakathi empuma | 0.40 | |
| Nayijeriya | 1971 | Afrika | 1.75 | |
| Khwatha | 1961 | Phakathi empuma | 0.66 | |
| ISaudi Arabia | 1960 | Phakathi empuma | 10.19 | Ivelisa enye yesithathu yenani. |
| IUnited Arab Emirates | 1967 | Phakathi empuma | 2.99 | |
| Venezuwela | 1960 | EMntla Merika | 2.65 | Iimali ezingaphumeleli kurhulumente. |
| OPEC | 32.32 |
I-Saudi Arabia ingumlimi owona mkhulu kunabo bonke, igalela phantse ingxenye yesithathu yemveliso yeoli ye-OPEC. Yona yilungu elilodwa kuphela elivelisa ngokwaneleyo ukuba lithintele ekuphatheni kwehlabathi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sinamandla amakhulu kunye nempembelelo kunamanye amazwe.
Iindaba ze-OPEC
NgoNovemba 30, ngo-2017, i-OPEC yavuma ukuqhubeka nokulahla iipesenti ezi-2 zonikezelo lweoli. Oko kuqhubeka nomgaqo owakhiwa ngoNovemba 30, 2016, xa kuvumile ukusika umveliso ngeebhola ezigidi eziyi-1.2. Ukuqala ngoJanuwari 2017, kuya kuvelisa iiprare ezingama-32.5 ngosuku. Kusengaphezulu kwinqanaba eliphakathi kwe-32.32 mbpd. Isivumelwano sixolelwe iNigeria neLibya. Yanika iIraq zayo iinguqu zokuqala ukusuka kuma-1990. I-Russia , kungekhona ilungu le-OPEC, livuma ngokuzithandela ukunciphisa umveliso.
Ukunqunyulwa kwafika ngonyaka emva kokuba i-OPEC ikhulise isabelo sayo semveliso kwi-31.5 mbpd ngoDisemba 4, 2015. I-OPEC yayinzima ukugcina isabelo semarike. Isabelo sawo sawela kuma-44.5 ekhulwini ngo-2012 ukuya kuma-41.8 ekhulwini ngo-2014. Kungenxa yokunyuka kweepesenti ezili - 16 kwimveliso yeoli ye-US shale . Njengoko ukunikezelwa kweoli kwenyuka, amaxabiso awela ukusuka kuma-$ 108.54 ngo-Ephreli 2012 ukuya kwi-$ 34.72 ngo-Disemba 2015. Leyo yayiyinto enkulu yamatye eninzi kwimbali yexabiso leoli .
I-OPEC ilindele ukusika imveliso yeoli ngoba yayingafuni ukubona isabelo sayo semarike sisaqhubeka. Ivelisa ioli ngaphezu kokuncintisana kwayo yase-United States. I-cartel yayichukumisa loo nto kwaze kwaba yinkampani eninzi ye-shale. Eyadala i- boom kunye ne-oil shale.
Imbali
Ngowe-1960, amazwe amahlanu e-OPEC akha inzululwazi ukulawula ukubonelelwa kunye nexabiso leoli. La mazwe ayaqonda ukuba anemithombo engenakuhlaziywa. Ukuba bekhuphisana, ixabiso leoli liya kuba liphantsi kakhulu kangangokuthi babeza kuphelelwa kamsinya kunokuba amaxabiso eoli aphezulu.
I-OPEC yaqhuba intlanganiso yayo yokuqala yabamba intlanganiso yokuqala yeSeptemba 10-14, 1960, eBaghdad, eIraq. Amalungu amahlanu asungula yi-Iran, i-Iraq, i-Kuwait, i-Saudi Arabia kunye neVenezuela. I-OPEC ibhaliswe kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoNovemba 6, 1962.
I-OPEC ayizange iguqule i-muscle yayo kuze kube ngu- 1973 i-oil embargo . Iphendule ngokukhawuleza kwehla kwixabiso leDola laseMelika emva kokuba uMongameli uNixon alahle umgangatho wegolide . Ekubeni iikontraka zeoli zithengwa ngeedola, i-revenue revenue of exporting oil fell when the dollar fell. Ekuphenduleni kwi-embargo, i-United States yenze i- Strategic Petroleum Reserve . Ngaphezulu, khangela iMbali yeGold Gold .
Amazwe angewona ama-OPEC avelisa amafutha
Amalungu amaninzi angewona ama-OPEC abuyele ngokuzithandela ukulungiswa kwemveliso yeoli ekuphenduleni izigqibo ze-OPEC. Ngama-1990, banda imveliso ukuze baxhamle ukukhutshwa kwe-OPEC. Oku kwaphumela kumaxabiso aphantsi eoli kunye neenzuzo kuwo wonke umntu. La malungu angabambisani nabakwa-OPEC yiMexico , Norway, Oman naseRashiya.
Abavelisi be-oil shale abazange bafunde eso sifundo. Baqhubeka bepompa ioli, bathumela amaxabiso ngokunciphisa ngo-2014. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi baye ngaphantsi kwekhefu labo-kwanexabiso lemali eyi-65 ngemitha. I-OPEC ayizange ingene ekunciphiseni imveliso yayo. Kunoko, kwavumela ukuba amaxabiso awele ukugcina isabelo saso semarike. Kungenxa yokuba ukuphuka-kwanexabiso liphantsi kakhulu kumalungu alo amaninzi. I-$ 7 ibhayili ye-Saudi Arabia kunye ne-$ 13 ibhayili e-Iraq.
I-OPEC ye-Exporters Gas Gas
IQumrhu leeZwe lokuThumela kweGesi yintlangano yokubambisana yamazwe avelisa igesi yendalo. Amalungu ayo akhiqiza iipesenti ezingama-40 zegesi yemvelo kunye nokulawula i-67pcent yayo yokugcina. Injongo yalo kukuvuma malunga nemiba ejongene nabavelisi begesi bemvelo. Amalungu alungelelanisa iinzame zabo zokulondoloza iimithombo zabo zendalo. Injongo yabo ekhankanyiweyo ayibandakanyi ukulawula intlawulo yegesi yendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, kungenakwenzeka. Ukuba amalungu e-GECF akha i-cartel, yayiza kulwa no-OPEC ngokubaluleka kweqhinga.
I-GECF inamalungu alishumi elinesibini. IRashiya yilungu elikhokelayo kwaye liyi-producer enkulu yehlabathi yerhasi yendalo. I-Iran ine-third-reserve gas reserves, ngelixa iQatar inesine indawo enkulu yokugcina. Amanye amalungu aquka i-Algeria, iBolivia, iYiputa, i-Equatorial Guinea, iLibya, iNigeria, i-Trinidad neTobago, i-United Arab Emirates ne- Venezuela . Amazwe asixhenxe athatha inxaxheba njengababukeli yiAzerbaijan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, nasePeru. I-Turkmenistan ne-Uzbekistan baye babonisa umdla.