Emva kwe-US Shale Oil Boom kunye neBust
Siyabulela ukuveliswa kweoli ye-shale, ukuxhomekeka kwinqwelo ye-oli yangaphandle kwandiswe. I- Energy Energy Agency i- US iphinda ixhomekeke kwi-oil yelizwe lase-United States iya kuma-34 ekhulwini ngo-2019.
Ehla ukusuka kuma-45 ekhulwini ngo-2011, kunye nama-60 ekhulwini ngo-2005. (Umthombo: "2015 Forecast, i-Agesi yoLwazi lweMandla.)
US Shale Boom kunye neBust
Imiba emibini yaqhuba i-US shale oil boom. Okokuqala, ixabiso leoli lilinganiselwa kuma-90 e-barrel iminyaka emithathu (2011- 2014). Kwanele ukuvumela ukuhlolwa kwe-shale kunye nemveliso ibe yinzuzo.
Okwesibini, iirhafu eziphantsi ezenzelwe iibhanki kunye nabanini-mali bezentengiselwano zabasemagunyeni banomtsalane oqinileyo wokuboleka ekwakheni iinkampani zeoli. Ingqikithi yemali-mboleko yafikelela malunga ne-$ 250 yezigidigidi ngo-2014. (Umthombo: "Amatyala aphilileyo," i-Economist, ngo-Oktobha 10, 2015.)
Ukwandiswa kwemveliso kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Amanani eWest Texas Crude awa ukusuka kumaRandi 106 / umgqomo ngoJuni 2014 ukuya ku-$ 32.10 emgqomeni ngoJanuwari 7, 2016. Le nto iphantse ibe ngaphantsi kwexesha elide kwiRest Recession ($ 30.28 ngoDisemba 23, 2008). Ngaphezulu, khangela amaxabiso eGesi ngo-2008 .
Ngaba ukuveliswa kwe-shale yase-US kwenzeni ukuba yenze into eninzi?
Inombolo yexabiso. Bathengisa iikontrakthi zexesha elizayo zeoli kwi-yunivesithi efana neyoshishino lokukhetha . Ukuba nesimo sengqondo kunokubenza bathe amanani entengo ngexesha lokunqongophala, kwaye bawabambe phantsi ngexesha lokugqithisa. Benza okufanayo ngo-2008. Ngaphambi kokuba bathumele amaxabiso phantsi, benza i- bubble ye-aseset , ixabiso lokushayela ukuya kwi-$ 145 ngomgqomo ekuqaleni ko-2008.
Esinye isizathu sokuba amanani aphantsi kakhulu kukuba abavelisi beoli bahlaziye baqhube. Baba ngcono ekunciphiseni iindleko zabo. Ababhanki babo baqhubeka bexhamla kwi-matyala abo, nje kuphela ukuba amaxabiso emali ahlala ephantsi. Abakhiqizi abaninzi babesele bathengisa ioli yabo kwiimarike ezizayo xa amaxabiso aphezulu. Ukuqhawula umvuzo wabo. Ukugcina isabelo semarike, i- OPEC yaqhubeka igxuma ioli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, yayiza kunciphisa umveliso njengoko amaxabiso eoli awa. (Umthombo: "Njengoko i-Oil Keeps Falling, Nobody Blinking," I-Wall Street Journal, ngoDisemba 7, 2015.)
Ukuqhaqhazela nokujikeleza kwesiqhelo kuya kufikelela ekupheleni. Okokuqala, iibhanki zisebenzisa i-oil reserves njengobuncwane. Njengoko ixabiso leoli liyehla, ngokunjalo ukuxabiswa kwexabiso. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abaqhubi be-drill "bahlaselwa." Into efanayo yenzeke kubaninimzi abaninimzi ngexesha le- subprime mortgage crisis . Ngenxa yoko, abaqhubi abangezezeli ii-rigs ngokukhawuleza njengoko benza ngaphambili. (Umthombo: "US Shale Juggernaut ubonisa iimpawu zokukhathala," i-Wall Street Journal, ngo-Oktobha 5, 2017.)
Okwesibini, iFed iphakamisa inzala . Ababolekisi baye bafuna ukunyuka phantsi kwetyala. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi kufuneka zipompe ioli ewaneleyo ukwenzela ukuvelisa imali eyaneleyo ukwenzela ukuhlawula iitaliti zabo zenyanga. Baya kukwenza oku kungakhathaliseki ukuba amaxabiso aphantsi afumana njani, kwaye nangona azinasenzuzo.
Iinkampani ezincinci, ezifana neSandridge Energy Inc., i-Energy XXI ne-Halcón Resources, zasebenzisa iipesenti ezingama-40 zengeniso kunyaka odlulileyo ukwenzela ukuhlawula iintlawulo zenyanga. (Umthombo: "I-Oil Plunge iphazamisa ukukhathazeka kwe-Bankruptcy", i-Wall Street Journal, ngoJanuwari 11, 2016.)
Okwesithathu, iikontrakthi zexesha elizayo ngoku zixabiso kakhulu kangangokuba abaninzi abaqhawulayo abanakukwazi ukugcina ukubola. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2015, malunga nesiqingatha babehleli bengenzi lutho. Iindidi sele zifake izicelo zokungena kwi-bankruptcy, kwaye abasebenzi abangama-55,000 baye baqedwa. Kodwa i- EIA iqikelela ukuba amaxabiso eoli aya kuvuka kwakhona ngexesha . (Umthombo: "Abaqhankqalazi abaye baxhathisa umlingo wokuxhamla," iThe Wall Street Journal ngo-Septemba 24, 2015).
IiSafisi zeOlile ze-US
Ibhakken Field eMntla Dakota naseMontana yiyona nto inkulu yokuvelisa ioli ye-shale. Intsimi inezintlu zamatye atyebileyo, i-oli ehamba ngeekhilomitha ezimbini ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Intsimi ibungakanani ubukhulu be-West Virginia kwaye ivelise i-770,000 imivalo yeoli ngosuku (ngo-Disemba 2012). Nangona imveliso yaqala ukukhutshwa ngo-2006, amanqanaba aphindwe kabini kwiminyaka emibili edlulileyo. Ngeli nqanaba, iipesenti ezingama-95 zemveliso zivela kwimithombo yamanzi. Ngenxa yoko, iNorth Dakota ithabatha ioli ngaphezulu kweAlaska kwaye ivalwe kwimibhobho yezigidi ezimbini ngosuku oluveliswa yiTexas. Kwiminyaka engama-20, inani lazo imithombo liyakhula ukusuka kwii-8,000 ezikhoyo ukuya kwi-40,000 ubuncinane. Ingxenye yesizathu sokunyuselwa kukuba ngamnye uhamba kakuhle emva kweminyaka emibini. Kungenxa yokuba ioli ifakwe kwiipokethi ezingenayo ioli eninzi njengemithombo yamasiko. Nangona kunjalo, ngokupheleleyo, intsimi ingaba neebhilidi ezi-4 zezigidi zeoli ye-shale. (Umthombo: "I-Bakken yokwakheka kweoli kunye ne-gas ekwenzeni izibuko zophuhliso kwiBarnett," i-EIA, ngoNovemba 2, 2011. "Iimpawu ze-Bakken njenge-Contender kwi-US Oil Drilling Crown," i-CNBC, ngoMatshi 23, 2013.)
Inkundla ye-Eagle Ford yaseTexas ibhiqize iibrare eziyi-750 / imini ngo-2011, phantse zonke ezivela emithonjeni eneemida. I-Geological Survey yase-US iqikelele ukuba kukho iibhola eziyi-853 zeemitha kwimigodi engabonakaliyo. Abaqhubi be-drillers bafuna ioli kunye negesi yendalo. (Umthombo: "Ukunyathela kwe-Eagle Ford ukubethelela kugxininisa ukukhangela ioli kunye neerhasi zendalo," i-EIS, ngoNovemba 2011.)
Inkundla ye-Utica e-Ohio ivela kwi-1.3 ne-5.5 yezigidigidi zeebhola zeoli. I-Ohio ngoku ivelisa izigidi ezili-5 iimitha zeoli ngonyaka. Okwangoku, i-oil reservation isacacwa. (Umthombo: "I-oyile kunye ne-gesi yemvelo e-Ohio ngokunyuka," i-EIS, ngoSeptemba 2011.)
Isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke zaseMelika sisakhiwo saseMonerey Shale kufuphi neBakersfield, eCalifornia. Unamaxesha amane ioli njengeBakken Field eNyakatho Dakota. Indawo engama-1,750 yeekhilomitha ezili-1,750 iqule ibhola yeoli-malunga ne-2/3 yesizwe esipheleleyo se-shale. Ioli yaseCalifornia ye-shale inzima kunzima ukuyikhupha ngaphandle kweBakken, kwaye amaqela angqongileyo aphikisana kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba ukubunjwa kwe-geological kudinga ukunqongophala okunzulu kunye nokugxilwa okujulileyo. Oko kukukhathazeka kwimeko elele kwi-San Andreas iphulo, kwaye sele sele ifumana isabelo esingaphezu kwesabelo sayo senyikima. (Umthombo: T Inkulu yeOfficial Reserve May Ngangoku Ifikeleleka, "I-New York Times, ngoFebhuwari 4, 2013.)
I-US Shale Oil Companies
Iinkampani eziphezulu ezihlanu ze-oil shale - i-EOG Resources, i-Anadarko Petroleum, i-Apache Corp, i-Chesapeake Energy, kunye ne-Continental Resources - i-pumped 10 ekhulwini yemveliso yaseYurophu engenamveliso ngo-2014. ezi zintlanu ziza kusinda, ukuba ziphumelele. (Umthombo: "Abavelisi base-US balungele ukuHluma kweOyile entsha," iWall Street Journal, ngoMashi 14-15, 2015.)