IiHlanzi zeOli, iiNdawo zazo, kunye nehlabathi likhulu kakhulu

Izibonelelo zeoli ziqikelelwa ukuba ioli ingakufumana njani ekugqibeleni. Le nkcazo ebanzi iyabizwa ngokuba yioli . Kuquka ukungabonakali okanye "ukufumana" ukugcina. Isekelwe kumathuba okufumana izibonelelo kwiindawo ezithile zeendawo. Kwakhona kuthatha iindidi ezintsha zeteknoloji ziza kwenza ukuba kubekho uqoqosho oluchanekileyo ukukhupha ioli.

Musa ukukholelwa xa umntu uthi ihlabathi liza kukhutshwa lioli ngomhla othile.

Kunoko, ioli iya kuba yindleko kakhulu ukusebenzisa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba liphume.

Ingcaciso echanekileyo ifunyenwe ukugcinwa kweoli . Kukho iintlobo ezintathu. Ezi zisekelwe kwimeko yokuba i-oyile iyakwazi ukufunyanwa ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yangoku.

1. Izikhokelo ezibonakalisiweyo - Kukho amathuba angaphezu kwama-90 e-oil aya kufunyanwa.
2. Izibonelelo ezibonakalayo - Ixesha lokufumana ioli likhulu kunama-50 ekhulwini.
3. Izibonelelo ezinokwenzeka - Ubuninzi bokubuyisela ioli lubalulekile, kodwa ngaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini.

Gcina ukhumbule ukuba inxalenye yenkalo yeoli yenzeke kwaye inokwenzeka ukuba iguqulwe ibe yindawo egcinwe ngayo ixesha elide. Ezi ndawo zifumene iindawo zokugcina impahla ziyingxenye encinci yeoli. Akukona nje ukuba kusetyenziswe i-technically ukufumana ininzi yeoli kwintsimi.

Izikhokelo eziPhakamileyo

Kwizigaba zintathu, iindawo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iindawo zokugcina ioli. Yilapho ukuhlalutya kwedatha ye-geological kunye nobunjineli kubonisa ngokuqinisekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kufumaneke kwakhona kwiindawo zokuhlala eziyaziwayo.

Kuphela i-oyile esebenza ngokuthengisa phantsi kweemeko zoqoqosho zangoku. Kungenxa yokuba, ukuba amaxabiso eoli aphakama okanye iteknoloji entsha yenza iindleko ezincinci, ke ezinye iinkalo ziya kuba zikwazi ukusebenza.

Ukuqinisekiswa okuqikelelwayo kuthetha ukuba imveliso okanye ukuvavanya okuqinisekileyo kuye kwenzeka. Ukuvavanya kufaka ukubola, okanye kufuneka kube kufuphi kwaye kufane neendawo eziye zatsalwa.

Ubungakanani bentsimi lugqitywe ngamagxa apho i-oyile idibanisa negesi okanye i-water formations.

I-oyile ayibalwa njengenqweno ukuba iinjineli aziqinisekanga nokuba ingafumaneka kwakhona phantsi kweemeko zoqoqosho zangoku okanye zingekho kwiindawo ezingenakunikwa. Ezinye iinjineli azibalali ioli efakwe kwi-shale, amalahle, okanye i-gilsonite.

IiNdawo zeMhlaba

Kukho i-1.665 ibhilile yeoli kwihlabathi ngoJanuwari 2016. Kunokwaneleyo ukugcina enye iminyaka engama-50 ukususela ekubeni ihlabathi lisebenzisa i-90.5 yezigidi imitha ngemini. Ukugcinwa okuqinisekileyo kuphela kubalwe kwiindawo zokugcina umhlaba jikelele. Ngako oko, eli nani liguquka kancinci ngonyaka, ngenxa yeenguqu kwiindawo zokugcina ioli.

Izibonelelo eziPhambili (2017)

Iindawo zokugcina ezibonakalisiweyo ezinkulu zehlabathi zikwimimandla embalwa yendawo. Kungenxa yokuba iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zingabangcwaba bezityalo zangaphambili kunye nezilwanyana ezincinane zolwandle. Iindawo zazo zihlala zihlala kwiindawo zamanxwemeni zasendulo kunye namachibi ama-300 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-400 kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Iingqameko zesithambiso zibafihla, zikhulisa uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu. Oku kwatshintsha i-chemical composition in oil.

Sisebenzisa le mafuta ngokukhawuleza kunokuba i-Nature idala izibonelelo ezintsha. Le mali isiphelile, kungenxa yoko abantu babhekisela kwioli njengezibonelelo ezingenakuhlaziywa.

Ininzi yamasimi amakhulu kwiindawo zokugcina ioli eqinisekisiwe ziphakathi kweMiddle East, Venezuela naseRashiya . Lawa mazwe akanakho ukukhuthaza ukuqikelela ukuqikelela. Intengo yemarike yamathambo e-fossil iqhutywe ngakumbi ngumthamo wemveliso kunye nemfuno kunezibonelelo. Esi sikhundla sincike kwisigqibo sotyalo-mali esenziwe yinani elincinci labenzi bezigqibo e-Saudi Arabia, e-Kuwait, eVenezuela naseRashiya.

Nantsi inombolo yemibhobho yeendawo zokuncedisa ioli eqinisekisiweyo kumazwe aphezulu angama-20:

1. IVenezuela - 300.9 yezigidigidi.
2. I-Saudi Arabia - 266.5 billion.
3. I-Canada (iquka ioli ye-shale ) - i-169.7 yezigidigidi.
4. I-Iran - 158.4 yezigidigidi.
5. Iraq - 142.5 billion.
6. Kuwait - 101.5 billion.
7. United Arab Emirates - 97.8 yezigidigidi.
8. Russia - 80 billion.
9. Libya - 48.4 yezigidigidi.
10. ENigeria - 37.1 yezigidigidi.
11. I-United States - i-36.5 yezigidigidi (ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-20.68 yezigidigidi ngo-2013.)

1. I-Kazakhstan - iibhiliyoni ezingama-30.
2. I-China - 25.6 yezigidigidi (esikhundleni seQatar ngo-2017.)
3. Qatar - 25.2 yezigidigidi.
4. EBrazil - 13.0 billion.
5. Algeria - 12.2 billion.
6. Angola - 8.3 yezigidigidi.
7. Ecuador - 8.3 yezigidigidi.
8. M i- exico - 7.6 yezigidigidi (phantsi kwe-10.07 ngo-2014.)
9. Azerbaijan - 7 billion.

Uluhlu lwedwa alunikeli ibali lonke, ngenxa yobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe. Uninzi lwazo luvelisa ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kwabo, ngoko bahambisa ngaphandle kwabo basebenzisa ngaphezu kokuvelisa kwabo (abafaki bemveliso).

Ukwandisa amandla abo okuthintana, abanye bathengisa ioli bahlanganisana ukulawula ukunikezelwa kwehlabathi kunye namaxabiso entle. Nangona oku kungumthetho ongekho mthethweni kumazwe amaninzi, kusemthethweni ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Abathengisi baye benza oko ukugcina intlawulo yeoli iphakamileyo. Ekubeni ioli i-resource non-reneableable, xa sele ihambe aba bathengiyo abananto engayithengisa. Ngoko ke, bafuna ukufumana inzuzo ephezulu xa ihlala. Bayakwenza oku kuphela xa bexhamla, kunokuba bathuphisane.

Yingakho i- Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries yasungulwa ngowe-1960. Amalungu e-OPEC angama-80 anesibalo sama-80 e-world's proven reserves. Abaphambili abathumeli baseUnited States, i- European Union kunye neChina.

Abemi baseMelika

Ulawulo lweeNkcukacha zeMandla ase-US luchaze iibrareli ezingama-35.2 zezigidi. Iindawo ezininzi zihlala eTexas, eNorth Dakota, kwiGulf yaseMexico yaseForgan Offshore, eAlaska naseCalifornia. Emva kweminyaka yokuhamba, iindawo zaseMelika ziyakhula kwakhona ngenxa yamanani aphezulu eoli eyenza ubuchwepheshe obutsha bubiza imali. Ukufakela kwe-Horizontal kunye ne-fracturing hydraulic kungakhupha ioli kwi-shale kunye nezinye "eziqinileyo" (ukutyekela okuphantsi kakhulu). I-Texas kunye neNorth Dakota ibingama-90 ekhulwini ekukhuleni okupheleleyo.

Kwakhona, i-US igcina i- reserve enkulu ye- petroleum . Iphethe iibhola ezili-727. Isetyenziselwa ukugcina uqoqosho lusebenza kakuhle xa kukho ingxaki okanye ukungahambi. Ekubeni ayivulekanga imveliso, ayifakiwe njengenxalenye ye-US egcinwe kuyo.

I-United States ine-barrels e-3 trillion eboshwe kwi-Green River i-oil shale eyakhelwe e-Colorado. Kubiza i-$ 40- $ 80 ngombhobho ukuyibuyisela, okwenza kube nzima ukuba ioli ibe yimali eyi-100 ngemitha. Ukukhutshwa kungaphinda kuchithe itafile yamanzi kunye nokulimaza imo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iteknoloji iyaqhubeka nokuphucula kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, kuya kukwazi ukuvelisa iiplari eziyi-100 ngosuku ngeminyaka engama-30.

I-Oil Sands

Iifesi zee-oyile ze-oyile ziseCanada, Venezuela, eRashiya, nase-United States. Uninzi lwalo (iibrare ezili-166 zeebhilidi) e-Alberta, Canada. I-US ithathe iibrare eziyi-1.236 ezigidi ezivela kule mihlaba ngo-2014.

I-sands ye-oyile isanti ixutywe kunye nexabiso elibi elibizwa ngokuba yi-bitumen. I-bitumen kufuneka ifuthe ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe njengeoli. Iimithi ezimbini zentlabathi kufuneka zichithwe, zisebenzise imitha emithathu yamanzi, ukufumana enye ibhayile yeoli. Le nkqubo inengxabano kuba isebenzisa amandla amaninzi kunye namanzi, kwaye ishiya inqabileyo kwimeko engabonwa kwindawo. Nangona kunjalo, abavukuzi bafuneka ukuba babuyisele indawo kwiimeko zabo zokuqala emva kwemigodi. (Umthombo: i-Alberta Canada i-Oil Sands; i-Fuel Chemistry Division)

I-Economics ye-Oil Reserves

Gcina ukhumbule ukuba akukho namnye onokwaziyo ukuba ioli ifihla ngaphantsi komhlaba. Naliphi na inani oyibonayo ukubalwa kweengcali ngokusekelwe kwiingcali zobunjineli be-geological. Njengoko ixabiso leoli likhuphuka, iteknoloji iyanciphisa iindleko, kwaye kuphinda kuhlolwe ngakumbi, kuba yimali enokukwazi ukufumana ioli. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, nayiphi na indawo yokulondolozwa kweoli yinto ekujoliswe kuyo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba "ukugcina ukukhula."

Ukulinganiswa kweemveliso zeoli kuyinto yesayensi engenakulinganiswa. Ngokomzekelo, uqikelelo lwe-US lubonakaliswe ukugcinwa kweoli luhlala luguqukile, malunga neenqwelo ezigidi ezili-20, ukusuka ngowe-1948.

Ngokwemvelo, ukuba ixabiso leoli liphakama kwaye abo bambalwa abenza izigqibo bayaqiniseka ukuba ioli ehlabathini iyaxabisa ngokukhawuleza kunanoma nayiphi enye imali-mali, inokhuthaza UKUBA ukwandisa amandla okuvelisa. Kodwa, ukuba bayaqiniseka ukuba ubuchwepheshe obutsha buza kutshintsha indawo yeoli, besebenokukhuthaza ukuvelisa imveliso yeoli ngelixa linenani elithile, nokuba ixabiso leoli sele liye lawa. Iimbono zentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ziza kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwimarike yeoli. (Umthombo: Udliwano-ndlebe noGavin Longmuir, umcebisi nge-International Petroleum Consultants Association, Inc.)