Umoya ngenye yezinto ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni zomhlaba xa kuziwa ekuveleni amandla kagesi. Konke okufuneka uyenze ukuze udibanise ukwakhiwa kwombane wamandla omoya oguqula ukuhamba kwemoya kwi-kinetic energy.
Kodwa-ke, ukuthatha umoya kwizinga elikhulu, kufuneka ukuba ifama-moya iqokelelwe iinjineli zomoya ezicwangciswe ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo zokuhlala okanye ulwandle, apho iimoya zihlala zizinzile kwaye zinamandla.
Iimvani zomoya zineengqimba ezininzi, ezibekwe phezulu kwiinqaba, ezitshintshileyo emoyeni nasemandleni okuvuna.
Iingcali zoshishino zithi iUnited States inemithombo yomoya eyaneleyo yokuphucula ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla ayo okwakhiwa kwamandla, kwaye ukwenza oko kuvela ngokuxhatshazwa kwezibonelelo zendalo. KuMerika yodwa, amandla omoya avimbela ukukhululwa kweetoni ezingama-62 ezigidi zegesi ezitshatyalaliswayo kunye nokugcina amawaka amabhiliyoni ayi-20 ngonyaka wamanzi.
Izithintelo ezinokuthi zakha iifama zomoya zibandakanya ukungqubuzana komphakathi malunga nokubekwa kwee-wind turbines, ukuvumela imingeni, ukuxhaswa ngemali kunye nemiba yobugcisa, njengokwenziseko kweziseko zokudlulisela amandla kumbane wombane okhonza abathengi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unqwenela ukwakha ifama yakho yomoya, ngokwenene akunzima ukuyenza.
Ukuqalisa: Cwangcisa Imoya Yakho Ifama
Ukwakha ifama yomoya yiprojekthi enkulu efuna amaqela enzululwazi ukujongana nemimandla emininzi yeprojekthi, ukusuka ekukhulelweni ukuya kucwangciswa ukuphunyezwa.
Ukususela ekukhetheni indawo efanelekileyo kunye nokuhlola ingozi kwizilwanyana zasendle ukufumana iimvume ezifanelekileyo nokuphunyezwa kunye nokuvavanya ama-turbine ngokwabo, ezininzi izicwangciso zihamba emva kokwakha olu hlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-generator yamandla.
Okokuqala, qiniseka ukuba ukhethe indawo enezixhobo zomoya ezaneleyo.
Iziza ezilungileyo kwiifama zomoya zorhwebo zihamba ngesivinini somoya ngeekhilomitha ezili-13 ngeyure (6 metres / yesibini) okanye ngaphezulu, ngokwe-American Wind Energy Association. Umoya okhulu unako ukuxinisa izixhobo kwaye wenze iprojekthi ibe yindleko.
Iimephu ezizodwa zeemaphu zomoya zingakunceda uqonde ummandla onemithombo yomoya efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, iSebe laseMelika leMandla linikezela ngemephu yomoya, kodwa ungasebenzisa nesixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-anemometer ukulinganisa amandla omoya kwisayithi ethile. Ezinye iindawo zize zinike iinkqubo zemboleko ye-anemometer. Injini yakho ingasebenzisa iinkonzo ezizodwa kunye nesofthiwe, njenge-windNavigator kunye ne-GHWindFarmer, ukuhlaziywa kwebala, imimoya yezulu kunye ne-aerodynamics ukwenzela ukwandisa indawo.
Ukongezelela, kuya kufuneka uqwalasele iinkxalabo ezikhethekileyo kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, njengendlela yokufikelela endleleni, iimpembelelo zengxolo, izithambiso eziqhaqhaqhayo ezisuka kwiindawo, kunye nemicimbi yenkcubeko.
Ukuvavanya ingozi, iiNdleko zeFama kunye neNkxaso-mali
Amacwecwe ajikelezayo kwiimvaneli zomoya angawabulala iintaka ezinobungozi, izilwanyana, ama-raptors kunye ne-waterfowl, ngoko kukulungele ukubeka iinjowuni kude neendlela zokuphila zasendle zasemanzini kunye nemigudu yokufudukela kwimihla. IKomiti yeCandelo leNgcebiso yeeNkqonkqo zeeNzululwazi zaseMelika kunye neeNkcubeko zeeNkcazo zincoma indlela ehamba phambili equka ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili, ukubonakaliswa kwendawo, kunye nokufundiswa kwimihlaba ukuze kuqikelelwe kwaye kuhlolwe iindidi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zonakaliswe ngumoya omoya.
Njengomqhubi wendawo, kuya kufuneka usebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye ne-arhente efanelekileyo (okanye ukuvumela igunya) ukunciphisa nokunciphisa ukufa kwezilwanyana ngenxa yefama; Kwezinye iimeko, unokuvunyelwa ukwakha ifama yomoya xa uguqula ukusebenza kwayo ukuba ube nobungqina bezilwanyana zasendle. Ngokomzekelo, unokufuneka ukuba unqande okwethutyana ngexesha lokufuduka kunye nakwixesha lomoya ophantsi, xa iilwane zisebenza kakhulu kwaye isivuno samandla sincinci.
Cinga malunga namandla angakanani ofuna ukuvelisa-okanye nokuba ingaba isayithi ingavelisa njani-kunye nokuba ungakanani imali onokuyisebenzisa. Ukuthengwa kwee-turbines zomoya kuphela kunokukubuyisela umyinge we-1.37 yezigidi nganye ngeegawatt zamandla.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuncinci kwizibonelelo zokuphuhlisa izixhobo zamandla omoya kunokuba abatyali bamashishini abazimeleyo kuba zixhobo zingaphaya kwiimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokuxhaswa kwemali ezinciphisa iindleko malunga neepesenti ezingama-30, okanye malunga ne-1.4 cents kwi-kilowatt-iriyure, ngokwemibiko exhaswa yi-US. KwiSebe leMandla.
Iiprogram zokukhuthaza uRhulumente zenza kube lula ukuphuhlisa ifama yomoya. Imali yerhafu yengeniso (PTC) ngoku ihlinzeka ngetyala le-tekisi yeekhilomitha ezingama-2.3 kwi-kilowatt ngethuba lokuqala lokusebenza. Ukuba uqala ukwakhiwa kwisibonelelo samandla esivuselelekayo ngaphambi kowe-2020, unokwenza unyulo olungenakutshintsho lokubiza i-Investment Tax Credit (ITC).
Ukuhlawula iindleko ezingabonakaliyo zokuxhaswa kweprojekthi yomoya, zifake iinkcukacha zakho ezithile kwii-BITES zixhobo (iZakhiwo, amaShishini, iiThutho kunye noMbane) ezinikezelwa yiNational Laboratory Energeable Energy. Ungaphinda ufune ukukhangela i-database yesibonelelo seburhulumenteni kunye nesigqeba sokuvuselela amandla.
Qinisekisa ukuba iFama yakho idibana neemfuno zomthetho
Abavelisi bamandla balawulwa yimithetho yombuso njengomthetho woLawulo lweeNkonzo zoLuntu ka-1978 (i-PURPA), uMthetho weNkqubo yeMandla ka-2005 (i-EPACT 2005), kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko loKhuseleko lo-2007 (i-EISA 2007). Ukongezelela, iindidi ezihlukeneyo zitshintshiwe ngendlela ezahlukileyo ngayo le mithetho yomthetho, kwaye zinegunya ezihlukeneyo zokukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo ngeMithetho yePortfolio (Standards Renewable Portfolio Standards).
Igosa okanye umcebisi ojongene nokuphuhliswa kwamandla avuselelekayo unokukunceda ukuba ulandele imithetho elawula iprojekthi yakho ecetywayo. Uya kufuneka kwakhona izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemvume yokusingqongileyo kwi-arhente karhulumente.
Ukuba ifama yakho yoomoya iya kuhlala kwisiqhamo sekarhulumente okanye inxulumene ne-federal agency, ukuvumela ukuba kunokubambisana nenkqubo yokuhlola impembelelo yendalo. Umzekelo, iifama zomoya ezisetyenziswe kwipropati elawulwa yi-US Bureau of Management Land lilawulwa zizikhokelo ezithile ezijoliswe ekukhuseleni iintlobo ezikhuselweyo ezisemthethweni kunye nezinye izibonelelo zendalo.
Ukuchonga izixhobo kunye ne-Wind Farm Design
Iimvumi zomoya zanamhlanje zi-sleeker kwaye zikhudlwana kuneemimoya zomoya ezindala, ezinamaqabunga amakhulu kunye neendonga ezide kakhulu njengezakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ukufakwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezi turbine kwimoya yomoya kuchaphazela ukuveliswa kwamandla.
Njengomgaqo oqhelekileyo, umkhulu womoya oqhubekileyo, umkhulu walo mkhulu. I-turbine ehamba ngokuqhelekileyo efakwe ngokuqhelekileyo ine-rating megawatts eyi-1.5 kwaye ingenza amandla angama-500 imizi, kodwa imodeli emitsha iqhube ngakumbi. Uluhlu lweewebhsayithi zikaMbane zize zifike kwi-3.4 megawatts zokusetyenziswa kwe-onshore kunye ne-6 megawatts e-offshore. Ezinye izakhi zokuqhubela umoya zomoya ziquka iVestas, i-Goldwind, i-Enercon, i-Siemens, i-Sulzon, i-Gamesa, i-Power Power, i-Ming Yang ne-Nordex.
Iimvumi zomoya ezinkulu kunye ezinkulu zifuna iziseko ezinkulu kunye nezindleko zokufaka. Amashishini omoya ase-Offshore kufuneka ayenzelwe iimeko zolwandle. Iimvani zomoya zisoloko zihamba ngamandla ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuba isizukulwana salo sogesi sixhomekeke kwimozulu.
Ukongeza kwimijelo yomoya, ifama yomoya idinga inkqubo yokuqokelela amandla kagesi, abaguquli, inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano kunye neendawo. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo lolawulo lwe-supervision and acquisition (SCADA) lusetyenziswa ukubeka esweni umsebenzi. Unjineli unokuncoma izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokufakwa kwe-turbine esekelwe kwisayithi yakho, iimali kunye neenjongo zamandla.
Ukhuseleko lokuThuthukiswa kwamandla
Ukuba uceba ifama yomoya wezorhwebo, kufuneka ube nendlela yokunikezela amandla kubathengi abathengi okanye abathengi. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kufuna imilayezo yokudlulisa idibanisa ukuveliswa kwefama yakho emoyeni kwinethiwekhi yothutho yamandla kagesi-igridi yamandla-kwingingqi yakho. Iifama zomoya zorhwebo ezijoliswe kwiindawo ezikude zingakufumanisa umngeni ukukhusela amandla okudlulisela kunye nokudibanisa negridi.
Ngapha koko, iifama zomoya ezincinci zingasetyenziselwa njengomthombo ozinikezelweyo wombane kummandla okanye kwishishini. Kule meko, ifama yomoya ayifuni ukuba ikhonkco kwigridi yombane rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengisa amandla angaphezu kwamandla, usadinga indlela yokuhambisa loo mandla kwisibonelelo sombane.
Hlola kwiNational Laboratory Energeable Energy (NREL), esebenza nabaphuhlisi bomoya ukuba bafumane amandla okudlulisela kunye nokudibanisa. IQela lokuHlanganisa koMoya lombutho linikezela nezixhobo zokudibanisa ifama yomoya kwindawo yombane.
Faka, vavanya, kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zokusebenza
Ukwakhiwa kweefama zomoya kungagqitywa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Nangona kunjalo, unokuqala ukufuna ukwakha imigwaqo kwisiza sokukhwela kwiimvumi zomoya kunye nezinye izixhobo.
Ngaloo mvalo womoya, uya kufuna ukucima umgodi uze uyigcwalise ngekhonkrit eqinisekisiwe ukuze usebenze njengesiseko esizinzileyo; le nkqubo inzima kakhulu kwiimeko ezinzima okanye kwiifama zomoya. Emva kokuba isiseko silungiselelwe, kunjalo, kuya kufuneka ulungise iityubhisi kunye neendawo ezizodwa.
Emva koko, uza kufaka i-wiring zombane kunye neenkqubo kwaye usebenzise iimvavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izinto zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha iinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba iikinkini zitshintshwe kwaye ipulazi lemoya liphumelele ukuveliswa kwemveliso yokuthengisa.
I-wind turbine nganye idinga malunga neveki yokulungiswa kwesiganeko ngonyaka. I-American Wind Energy Association ithi ithatha enye ingcali yomoya ukuba isebenze yonke i-megawatts eyi-10 ye-generating capacity.