Iinkqubo ezithandathu zeNtlalontle
Kukho iinkqubo ezinonophelo zeNtlalontle zase-United States. Ziyi-TANF, iMedicaid, izitampu zokutya, i-SSI, i-EITC kunye noNcediso lweZindlu. Urhulumente wephondo unika inkxaso. Amazwe awalawula, ngokuqhelekileyo anikezela ngemali eyongezelelweyo.
Iinkqubo zeNtlalontle ayifanelekanga iinkqubo. Ezi ziko zifanelekile kwiimfuno zangaphambili ezivela kwiirhafu zerhafu. Iinkqubo ezine eziphambili zeenkqubo zase-United States kwi-Social Security, i-Medicare, i-inshurensi yokungasebenzi, kunye nembuyekezo yomsebenzi.
Ngo-Apreli 10, 2018, uMongameli uTrump wasayina umyalelo olawulayo oyalela i-arhente ye-federal ukuphonononga iimfuno zomsebenzi kwiinkqubo ezininzi zentlalontle. Ezi nkqubo ziquka i-TANF, i-Medicaid, izitampu zokutya kunye nokuncediswa kwezindlu. I-Trump ifuna i-arhente ukuba ibeke imilinganiselo yemisebenzi phakathi kweenkqubo kunye namazwe.
Ngokomzekelo, abamukeli beetampu zokutya kufuneka bafumane umsebenzi ngaphakathi kweenyanga ezintathu okanye balahlekelwe zibonelelo zabo. Kumele basebenze ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-80 ngenyanga okanye bathathe inxaxheba ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi. Kodwa amaqela amaninzi, njenge-Alaska, eCalifornia, ne-Nevada, akhethe ukuphuma emsebenzini. Bathi izinga lokungasebenzi liphezulu kakhulu. Umyalelo olawulayo ugqugquzela i-arhente ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ilandela imithetho efanayo.
Iinkqubo eziNtandathu zeNtlalontle yeNkqubo yeNtlalontle: Iingoma kunye neNyaniso
I-TANF yiNkqubo yoNcedo lwexeshana kwiNkqubo yeMakhaya. Uninzi lwabantu lubhekisela kule nkqubo njengenhlalakahle. Ngokomyinge, i-TANF inikeze umvuzo kwabamkeli abayizigidi ezi-2,5 ngo-2017. Kulezi zigidi, i-1.9 yezigidi zazingabantwana.
Ngo-2015, i-TANF incedise kuphela iipesenti ezingama-23 zeentsapho ezihlala kwintlupheko.
Ngokomyinge, intsapho yabantu abathathu ithole i-$ 429 ngenyanga. Ngenxa yoko, isaphila ngaphantsi kwentlupheko ye-1 702 ngenyanga.
Iintlalontle zafumana idumela elibi ngenxa yephulo likaMongameli we-1976. Wabonisa intombikazi enhlalakahle eyayikukhohlisa inkqubo ukuze ifumane izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo zokuqhuba iCadillac. Kwakhona waxwayisa indlela intlalontle eyenze ngayo umjikelo wentlupheko. Ngenxa yoko, ama-61 ekhulwini aseMerika akholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka anikezele imisebenzi esikhundleni seentlawulo zeentlalo.
Ubuqhetseba obufana noReagan buchazwe bunqunywe ukususela ngo-1996. Ngaloo ndlela uMengameli uClinton wadala i-TANF ngaphandle komlotha woNcedo kwiintsapho kunye nabantwana abaxhomekeke kwi-Intanethi. Inani leentsapho "kwi-dole" liye laphuma ezigidi ezili-10 ngaphambi kokulungiswa kwezenhlalakahle ukuya kwizigidi eziyi-1,9 ngo-2017.
Kungenxa yeemfuno ezintsha. Iintsapho ezifumana i-TANF kufuneka zithole umsebenzi kwiminyaka emibini. Akunakufumana imali eninzi xa benomnye umntwana. Abanakho abangaphezu kwama-2,000 e-asethi kwiimpahla ezipheleleyo (kuya kwiCadillac). Banokufumana kuphela iTANF iminyaka emihlanu, okanye ngaphantsi kwamanye amazwe.
I-Medicaid ikhokhelwa ngononophelo lwempilo kubantu abangama-64.9 abanomvuzo ongezantsi. Ngo-2014, isabelo esikhulu (ama-50 ekhulwini) sabantwana abayi-29.5 yezigidi. Emva koko bekuyi-19.2 yezigidi zabantu abadala, ikakhulu abazali kuba bantwana.
Ihlawulela ama-40 ekhulwini kubo bonke abantwana base-US.
I-Medicaid nayo ihlawule iindleko zempilo ezi-9.8 yezigidi eziyimfama nabakhubazekile. Iqela elincinci likhulu lalingama-5.4 yezigidi zabantu abadala abanomvuzo ophantsi. Ihlawulwe nayiphi na iindleko zempilo ukuba i-Medicare ayizange igubungele.
UMthetho woNonophelo ojongene noNcedo ongenakunciphisa ukwandiswa kweMediicaid ngama-28 ekhulwini. Yakhuphula izinga lokufumana imali kwaye yavumela abantu abangabodwa ukuba bafaneleke. (Umthombo: "Isiqingatha sokuzalwa kwe-US sifikelelwe nguMdinga," i-Kaiser News, ngoSeptemba 3, 2013. "Izibalo ze-CMS ze-2014, iTheyibhile I.16," amaziko e-Medicare kunye neenkonzo zeMedicaid, 2016.)
Inkqubo Yomshuwalense Wezempilo Yomntwana . Ukongeza kwi-Medicaid, abantwana abathandathu abayizigidi bafumana izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo ezivela kwi-CHIP. Ubandakanya ukunakekelwa kwebhedlele, iimveliso zonyango kunye neemvavanyo. Ikwabonelela ngononophelo lokukhusela, njengoluhlolo lweziliso, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, kunye nokuhlola rhoqo.
(Umthombo: "Yintoni efihliweyo," I-Medicaid yabantwana.)
Izitampu zokutya yiNkqubo yoNcediso lweZondlo. Inika iifowuni zokutya kubantu abangama-47.6 yezigidi okanye imizi engama-23 yezigidi. Bafumana u-R133 ngenyanga ngenyanga. Iindleko zeseburhulumenteni zizonke ziyi-$ 79.9 yezigidigidi, ezingama-3.8 zeebhiliyoni ezilawulayo. (Umthombo: "Iindleko ze-SNAP," Isebe lezoLimo lase-US.)
Kukho inkqubo yesitampu yokutya yabamama oongikazi kunye nabantwana abancinci. Inkqubo eYodwa yoKutya yokuTyhila kwaBasetyhini, kwiintsana kunye nabantwana ihlinzeka ukutya okanye iifowuni, imfundo, kunye nokuhanjiswa kunceda ukunceda abafazi abakhulelweyo nabantwana abaneminyaka engama-6. Ngo-2017, abantu abayizigidi ezingama-7.7 bafumana i-WIC inyanga nganye. Kwabo, abangaphezu kwama-75 ekhulwini babengabantwana okanye iintsana. ("I-WIC FAQ" Isebe leSebe lezoLimo lase-US ngo-2013)
Inkqubo yokuNondla kwabantwana ihlinzeka ngeentsuku zokutya ezingenamakhaya okanye ezinciphise iindleko ukuya kubantwana abayizigidi ezingama-30. Ixabisa urhulumente weburhulumenteni i-$ 12 yezigidigidi (Umthombo: "Inkqubo Yomntwana Yokutya," Isebe lezoLimo lase-US.)
Inkqubo yoKhuseleko loNcedo inikezela ngemali ukunceda abadala, abayimfama nabakhubazekile ukuba bathenge ukutya, iimpahla kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Ngokomyinge, abantu abayizigidi eziyi-8.4 bafumana i $ 536 ngenyanga. Kuzo, izigidi ezingama-7.3 ziyimfama okanye zikhubazeke. (Umthombo: "I-SSI Monthly Statistics," Ulawulo loKhuseleko loLuntu.)
I-Intlawulo yeNgeniso yeNgeniso yeNgeniso yerhafu yerhafu kwiintsapho ezinomntwana omnye. Bamele bafumane ngaphantsi kwama-51,567 i-$ ukuze bafaneleke. Ngo-2012, abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-27 bafumana iikredithi ezizigidi ezingama-63 zamawaka. Le nto ingaphantsi kwe-$ 2,335 ngomhlawuli werhafu. Yaphakamisa abantu abayizigidi ezingama-6.5 ngaphandle kobuhlwempu, isiqingatha kubo babengabantwana. Kubiza i-1 pesenti yemali ehlawulwayo ukuyilawula. Ngelishwa, phantse enye yesine yeentlawulo ziphosakeleyo. Inani elingaziwayo lobuqhetseba. (Umthombo: "I-EITC," iNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi.)
Uncedo lweZindlu lubonelelwa ngeekota eziyi-1.2 zezindlu zoluntu. Iprogram yeVoucher Choice Housing inikeza izatifikethi zokurenta iiyunithi ezivunyiweyo. Inkxaso iyabavumela ukuba bangahlawuli ngaphaya kwe-30 ekhulwini yabo yengeniso. Ii-arhente zengingqi zilawula ezi zigidi eziyi-2,2. Le yinkqubo yeCandelo 8 elidala. I-Arhente yoLuntu kaZindlu ivumela ezinye iintsapho ukuba zisebenzise i-voucher ukuze zithenge ikhaya elincinane.
INkqubo yoNcedo lweNkxaso-mali yamakhaya aphantsi-mali inikeza uncedo lwamandla kunye neenkqubo zokuphucula. Inika i-3.4 billion yeebhiliyoni kwizibonelelo zebhloko kwilizwe.