Iziphumo zeCopper
Nangona izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobhedu kunye nezinto zokuhlobisa eziye zafunyanwa ngo-9 000 BC ziye zafunyanwa, ubungqina bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuba kwakuyiMesophotamiya yokuqala, malunga ne-5000 ukuya kuma-6000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, eyona yokuqala yayiwukwazi ukukhangela ngokufanelekileyo ukukhupha nokusebenza ngobhedu .
Ukungabi nolwazi lwangoku lweemetallurgy, iintlanga zokuqala, kuquka iMesopotamiya, abaseYiputa kunye namaMerika aseMerika, baxabisa ubuninzi bezityebhile, bezisebenzisa njengegolide kunye nesilivere ekuveliseni izinto zokuhlobisa kunye nemigcobo.
Imveliso yokuqala kunye nokusetyenziswa kobhedu kwintlalo eyahlukeneyo sele ilandelwe ngoku:
- IMesopotamiya, malunga ne-4500 BC
- EYiputa, malunga ne-3500 BC
- I-China, malunga ne-2800 BC
- I-Central America, malunga ne-600 AD
- ENtshona Afrika, malunga ne-900 AD
Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweCopper
Abaphandi ngoku bakholelwa ukuba ubhedu beza kusetshenziselwa ixesha elidlulileyo-ekubhekiswe kuyo ngokuthi 'iCopper Age' - phambi kokuba kufakwe indawo yethusi. Ukufakwa endaweni yobhedu kubhedu kwenzeka phakathi kwe-3500 ukuya kuma-2500 BC kwi-Asia yaseNtshona nakwiYurophu, isebenzisa kwiBronze Age.
Ubhedu obunobunono bunobunzima obuthathaka, okwenza lube luncedo njengesikhali kunye nesixhobo. Kodwa isilingo sokuqala seemetallurgy by Mesopotamiya sabangela isisombululo kule ngxaki: ubhedu.
I-bronze, i- alloy yobhedu kunye ne- tin , yayingekho nzima kodwa iyakwazi ukuphathwa ngokubumba (ukubunjwa nokuqina kancinci) kunye nokukhipha (ukuthululwa kunye nokubunjwa njengelwelo).
Ikhono lokukrazula ubhedu kwiziko le-ore laphuhliswa kakuhle ngu-3000 BC kwaye libhekiselele ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa kweethusi zeethusi kunye neethusi.
ILake Van, njengamhlanje iArmenia, yayingumthombo wethusi weMesophotamiya yecenetrams eyayisebenzisa isinyithi ukuba ivelise izimbiza, iitereyi, i-saucers kunye neempahla zokusela. Izixhobo zethusi kunye nezobhedu, ezibandakanya iziselisi, i-razors, i-harpoons, iintolo, kunye neentambo ziye zafumanisa ukuba umhla kwi-3 millennium BC.
Uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali lobhedu oluvela kummandla lubonisa ukuba ii-alloys eziqhelekileyo zexesha ziqulethe malunga neepesenti ezingama-87 zethusi, i-10 ukuya kwe-11 ipesenti kunye nexabiso elincinane lensimbi , i- nickel , i- lead , i-arsenic kunye ne-antimony .
Ikopi eYiputa
EYiputa, ukusetyenziswa kobhedu kwaye kwaphuhliswa ngelo xesha, nangona akukho nto inokubonisa ukuba nayiphi na indlela yokuhanjiswa kolwazi oluchanekileyo phakathi kwezi mpucuko ezimbini. Amathubhu e-Copper yokuhambisa amanzi asetyenziswa kwiNdlu yeNkosi uSa'Hu-Re e-Abusir eyakhiwe malunga ne-2750 BC. Ezi zivalo zaveliswa kumashishini abhedu obhedu ukuya kumgama wee-2,95 intshi (75mm), ngelixa iipayipi yayingamamitha angama-32m ubude.
AmaYiputa ayetyenzisile ubhedu kunye nebhedu izibuko, izigubhu, izixhobo, izisindo kunye nezikali, kunye ne-obeliski kunye neengubo ezihlotsheni kwietempile.
Ngokwezibhalo zeBhayibhile, iintsika ezinkulu zobhedu, ezilinganiselwa ezintandathu (1,83m) ububanzi kunye no-7.62m ubude ubude bemi ekhoneni leNdlu kaKumkani uSolomon eYerusalem (malunga ne-9 leminyaka BCE).
Ingaphakathi lethempelini, okwangoku, libhalwa njengento ebizwa ngokuthi 'uLwandle lweBrazen,' itanki yethusi ye-16 000-gallon eqhutywe ngeenkunzi ze-bronze eziyi-12. Uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba ubhedu bokusetyenziswa kwithempeli likaKumkani Soloman lwaluvela eKhirbat en-Nahas eYordan namhlanje
I-Near Near neCopper
I-Copper kwaye, ngokukodwa, izinto zethusi zandwendwela kulo lonke elingasempumalanga kwaye iziqwenga zivela kule xesha ziye zafunyanwa eTurkey, e-Iran, eGreece naseAzerbaijan namhlanje.
Ngesi-2 seminyaka ye-BC, izinto zethusi zaveliswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo zaseChina. Ukukhishwa kwebhondi efunyenwe nakwienxa zonke kumaphondo aseHenan naseShaanxi kuthathwa njengesiqalo sebhetri yaseTshayina, nangona ezinye izinto zobhedu kunye neethusi ezisebenziswa nguMajayao ziye zadlula ngo-3000 BC.
Iincwadi ezivela kwixesha libonisa indlela eyenziwa ngayo ubugcisa beShayina, kunye neengxoxo ezinzulu malunga nenxalenye yobhedu kunye neetini ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amanani ahlukeneyo asetshenziselwa ukukhangela izinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iinqwelo kunye neendlovu, imicu, imicu, iinkemba, iintolo kunye nezibuko.
Intsimbi kunye nokuphela kweBronze Age
Nangona uphuhliso lwe-iron smelting luphela ekupheleni kweBronze Age, ukusetyenziswa kobhedu nobhedu akuzange kumise. Enyanisweni, phantsi kweRoma kwandisa ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokukhutshwa kwebhedu. Ubuchule bobunjineli bamaRoma bukhokelela kwiindlela ezintsha zendlela yokukhupha ezijoliswe ngakumbi kwigolide, isiliva, ubhedu, itin, kunye nekhokelo.
Ngaphambili imigodi yezobhedu yaseSpeyin neAsia Minor yaqala ukukhonza iRoma, kwaye njengoko ubukumkani befikelela kuyo kwandiswe imigodi eyongezelelweyo yahlanganiswa kule nkqubo. Ekugqibeleni kwayo, iRoma yayikumbiwa kwezinto zobunjengelikumntla e-Anglesey, kwintsuku yanamhlanje i-Wales, njengempuma yasempuma njengaseMisiya, eTurkey yanamhlanje, njengaseNtshona-ntshona kude njengaseRio Tinto eSpeyin, kwaye ivelise i-15,000 itoni yobhedu elicwengekileyo ngonyaka.
Ingxenye yesidingo sobhedu yayivela kwimali, eyayiqalile xa ookumkani baseGrico-Bactrian bekhupha iintlawulo zeemali zokuqala zethusi ngekota yesithathu BC. Indlela yokuqala ye cupberickel , i-alloy-nickel alloy, yayisetyenziselwa kwiimali zokuqala zeemali, kodwa iimali zokuqala zamaRoma zaziqukwa ngezitena zobhedu zenziwe ngeenkunzi zeenkomo.
Kukholelwa ukuba ubhedu , i-alloy yobhedu kunye ne- zinc , yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngelo xesha (malunga nekhulu le-3 leminyaka BC), ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kokuqala kwimali yeengqekembe ezazisasazeka kwiRoma dupondii , eziye zaveliswa zaza zaziswa phakathi kwe-23 BC kunye no-200 AD. .
Akumangalisi ukuba amaRoma, anikezela ngamanzi amaninzi kunye nekhono lobunjineli, basebenzise rhoqo ubhedu kunye nebhedu kwizixhobo ezinxulumene nokufakelwa kwamanzi, kuquka ne-tubing, valves, kunye neepompo. AmaRoma ayesebenzisa ubhedu kunye nobhedu kwizixhobo, izigqoko, iikhonkethi, iimpondo, kunye nemikhonto, kunye nezinto zokuhlobisa, kubandakanywa nezibophelelo, izixhobo zomculo, imihlobiso kunye nobugcisa. Nangona ukuveliswa kwezixhobo kuya kutshintshwa kwintsimbi, izinto zokuhlobisa kunye nezithethe zaqhubeka zenziwe ngethusi, ubhedu kunye nobhedu.
Njengoko i-Chinese metallurgy iholele kumabakala ahlukeneyo obhedu, ngokunjalo ama-rallium aseRoma avelisa amanani ahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezihlukeneyo zobhedu zethusi ezahlukahlukeneyo zethusi kunye ne-zinc kwizicelo ezithile.
Ilifa elinye elivela kwixesha lamaRoma lithetha ngesiNgesi igama lobhedu . Igama lobhedu lithathwe kwi-Latin word cyprium , ebonakala kwiminyaka yokuqala yamaKristu ebhaliweyo kwaye kubonakala ukuba ivela kubungqina obuninzi beBrazil obuvela eCyprus.
Imithombo:
Reardon, AC (Umhleli). I-Metallurgy ye-Non-Metallurgist . Uluhlu lwe sibini. ASM International (2011).
Smith, B. Webster. Amashumi amabini anamanci omnyaka weCopper . UK Association of Development Copper (1965)
I-Copper Development Association Inc. Umlando weCopper.
URL: https://www.copper.org/education/history/
ISayensi yemihla ngemihla. "I-King Soloman's Copper Mines?" Oktobha 28, 2008.
URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027174545.htm