Yintoni ididium?
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Ir
- Inomic Number: 77
- Udidi lwe-Element: iTransition Metal
- Ubunzima: 22.56g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 4471 ° F (2466 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 8002 ° F (4428 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMah: 6.5
Iimpawu
Intsimbi ye-iridium echanekileyo yintsimbi yesigxina esinesigxina.
I-Iridium ithathwa njengeyona nto inqabileyo yokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhekeza isinyithi esicocekileyo ngenxa yokuchasana nokuhlaselwa kwi-salts, i-oxides, i-mineral acids kunye ne-aqua regia (umxube we-hydric ne-nitrochloric acid), ngelixa ikhuselekile ukuhlaselwa ngamanxu ancibilikiweyo njenge-sodium chloride kunye ne-sodium i-cyanide.
Okwesibini kunawona onke amaninzi ensimbi (emva kwe-osmium kuphela, nangona oku kuxoxwa ngayo), i-iridium, njengamanye ama-PGM, ineqondo elincibilikiweyo kunye namandla amaninzi atshisayo.
I-irilic iridium ineyona ndlela yesibini ephezulu ye-elasticity yazo zonke izakhi zetsimbi, nto leyo ithetha ukuba inzima kakhulu kwaye inqabile ukukhutshwa, iimpawu ezenza kube nzima ukwenza izinto ezinokusetyenziswa kodwa zenza ukuba kube yintsebenziswano ebalulekileyo-yokomeleza isongezo. I-Platinum , xa isetyenziswe i-50% ye-iridium, umzekelo, phantse ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweshumi kunokuba yindawo ecocekileyo.
Imbali
USmithson Tennant ubizwa ngokuba yi-iridium ngelixa ehlola i-platinum ore ngo-1804.
Nangona kunjalo, i-indium yensimbi engenanto yayingakhange ifakwe kwenye iminyaka eyi-10 kwaye ifomu ecocekileyo yensimbi ayizange iveliswe de phantse iminyaka engama-40 emva kokufunyanwa kukaTennant.
Ngowe-1834, u-John Isaac Hawkins waqalisa ukusebenzisa i-iridium yokuqala yokuthengisa. I-Hawkins yayifuna i-hard material ukuze iqulunqe iingcebiso zepenethi ezingayi kuguquka okanye ziphule emva kokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Emva kokuva malunga neepropati zento entsha, wathola isinyithi esine-iridium esineqabane likaTennant uWilliam Wollaston waza waqala ukuvelisa iipori zegolide zokuqala ze-iridium.
Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, i-British firm Johnson-Matthey yayikhokele ekuphuhliseni nasekuthengiseni i-iridium-platinum alloys. Enye yeendlela zokuqala ezazisetyenzeni zaseWitworth, ezathi zenze isenzo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseMelika.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe i-iridium alloys, iinqununu zamagqabi, ezazisenza i-cannon's ignition, zaziwa ngokuba yi-deformation ngenxa yefuthe eliphindaphindiweyo kunye namaqondo aphezulu okushisa. Kwafunwa ukuba iziqwenga ezenziwe ngama-alloys ene-iridium zinobunjwa bawo kwaye zenze iifayili ezingaphezu kwama-3000.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, uSir William Crookes wakha iinqwelo zokuqala ze-iridium (izitya ezisetyenziselwa ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali ezisebushushu obuphezulu), eziye zavelisa nguJohnson Matthey, kwaye zifumene inzuzo enkulu kwiinqwelo ze-platinum.
I-iridium-ruthenium thermocouples yokuqala yaveliswa ekuqaleni kwee-1930 kwaye ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ukuphuhliswa kweeodedi ezizinzileyo (DSAs) zanda kakhulu imfuno yento.
Ukuphuhliswa kweeodedi, ezenziwe nge- titanium yenziwe nge-PGM oxides, yayiye iphambili enkulu kwinkqubo ye-chloralkali yokuvelisa i-chlorine kunye ne-caustic soda kwaye i-anode iyaqhubeka ibe ngumthengi omkhulu we-iridium.
U ku velisa
Njengazo zonke i-PGM, i-iridium ithathwa njenge-by-product ye- nickel , kunye ne-PGM e-ores.
I-PGM igxininisa idla ngokuthengiswa kubahlaziyizizicwangciso eziqhelanisiweyo kwisitye ngasinye.
Xa isiliva ekhoyo, igolide, i- palladium kunye neplatinum isuswa kwi-ore, i-residu esele iyancibilika nge-bisulfate ye-sodium ukwenzela ukususa i- rhodium .
I-concentrate eseleyo, equle iridium, kunye ne-ruthenium kunye ne-osmium, iyancibilika nge-peroxide ye-sodium (Na 2 O 2 ) ukususa i-ruthenium kunye ne-osmium salts, ishiye ukuhlambuluka kwe-iridium dioxide (IrO 2 ).
Ngokususa iridium dioxide e-aqua regia, umxholo we-oksijini unokususwa ngelixa uvelisa isisombululo esibizwa ngokuba yi-ammonium hexachloroiridate. Inkqubo yokumisa i-evaporation, elandelwa kukutshiswa ngegesi ye-hydrogen, ekugqibeleni iphumela kwi-iridium ecocekileyo.
Imveliso ye-iridium yomhlaba wonke isinganiselwa kuma-3-4 ngamathani ngonyaka. Uninzi lwalo luvela kwimveliso ye-ore yokuqala, nangona ezinye iiridium ziphinda ziphinda zisetyenziswe kwi-catalysts ezichithwe.
UMzantsi Afrika ngowona mthombo omkhulu we-iridium, kodwa isitye senziwa kwakhona kwi-nickel ores eRashiya naseKhanada.
Abakhiqizi bezona zikhulu ziquka i-Anglo Platinum, i-Lonmin kunye ne- Norilsk Nickel .
Izicelo
Nangona i-iridium ifunyanwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekupheleni kungenziwa ngokubanzi kumacandelo amane:
- Zombane
- Amachiza
- Electrochemical
- Okunye
Ngokutsho kukaJohnson Matthey, i-electrochemical usetyenziswe malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zama-ounces angama-198,000 aphelile ngo-2013. Izicelo zombane zenza iipesenti ezingama-18 zepridiyamu yokusetyenziswa, ngelixa i-shishini likhemikhali lidla malunga nama-10 ekhulwini. Ezinye zisebenzisa izalathisi eziseleyo ezingama-42 zexabiso lemfuno.
Imithombo
Johnson Matthey. PGM Market Review 2012.
http://www.platinum.matthey.com/publications/pgm-market-reviews/archive/platinum-2012
USGS. Iimveliso zeMineral Summaries: Iiplatinum Group Metals. Umthombo: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2010-plati.pdf
I-Chaston, JC "uSir William Crookes: uphando ngee-Iridium Crucibles kunye nokunyaniseka kwee-Platinum Metals". Ukuhlaziywa kwamatare wePlatinum , 1969, 13 (2).