Yintoni i-titanium?
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Ti
- Inomic Number: 22
- Udidi lwe-Element: iTransition Metal
- Ubunzima: 4.506 / cm3
- I-Melting Point: 3034 ° F (1668 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5949 ° F (3287 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 6
Iimpawu
I-alloys equkethe i-titanium iyaziwa ngamandla abo aphezulu, alula, kunye nokuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo .
Nangona unamandla njengezinyithi, i-titanium ingama-40% ekugqithiseni ubunzima, apho, kunye nokuchasana nokunyanzelisa ukukhukhula kunye nokukhukhula, kwenza kube yinyithi ebalulekileyo yokwakha iinjineli ze-aerospace.
I-Titanium nayo inokumangalisa ekukhuseni kwayo ukubola ngenxa yamanzi kunye nemidiya yamachiza. Yenza oku ngokwenza umgca we-titanium dioxide (TiO2) emgangathweni obunzima kakhulu ukuba ezi zinto zingene.
Ukuba ne-modulus ephansi ye-elasticity ithetha ukuba i-titanium ayinakuguquguquka kakhulu, kodwa iya kubuya kwisimo sayo sokuqala emva kokugoba, okubangela ukubaluleka kwayo ukuloba ii-memory alloys.
I-Titanium ayi-magnetic kunye ne-biocompatible (engeyona inetyhefu, engeyiyo yonke i-allergenic), eyakhokelela ekusebenziseni kwayo kwimihlaba yonyango.
Imbali
Ukusetyenziswa kwesimbi ye-titanium, nangayiphi na indlela, yenzelwe kuphela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Enyanisweni, i-titanium yayingabonakali njengetsimbi kuze kube yinkampani yamakhemikhali yaseMelika uMatthew Hunter yavelisa ngokunciphisa i-titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) ne-sodium ngo-1910; Indlela eyaziwa ngoku njengenkqubo yeHunter.
Imveliso yentengiso, nangona kunjalo, ayizange ifike emva kokuba uWilliam Justin Kroll abonise ukuba i-titanium inganciphisa ukusuka kwikloride esebenzisa i- magnesium kuma-1930.
Inkqubo yeKroll iyona ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu yokuvelisa ukuthengisa namhlanje.
Emva kwendlela yokuvelisa indleko ephuhlisiwe, ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-titanium kwakukho kwiinqwelo zempi. Iinqwelo zombutho zaseSoviet kunye ne-American kunye ne-submarines (umz. I-Soviet Alfa kunye neMike ye-Mike Class kunye ne-USAF F100 Super Saber kunye ne-Lockheed A-12) eyenzelwe kwiminyaka ye-1950 kunye neye-1960 yaqalisa ukusebenzisa i-titanium alloys. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ii-titanium alloys zaqala ukusetyenziswa ngabavelisi beenqwelo-moya.
Ingcali yonyango, ngokukodwa iimpilisi zokufakelwa kwamazinyo kunye ne-prosthetics, ivuke ekusebenziseni i-titanium emva kokuba udokotela waseSweden uphando luka-Per-Ingvar Brånemark oluye lwaqala kuma-1950 lubonise ukuba i-titanium ibangela ukuba kubekho ukuphendula kwamagciwane omzimba kubantu, ukuvumela isinyithi ukuba idibanise emzimbeni wethu kwinkqubo kuthiwa i- osseointegration .
U ku velisa
Nangona i-titanium yinto yesine eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwihlabathi (emva kwe- aluminium , isinyithi , kunye ne-magnesium), ukuveliswa kwesimbi ye-titanium kukukhathazeka kakhulu ekungcoliseni, ngakumbi i-oksijeni, echaza ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwangoko kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
Iimveliso eziphambili ezisebenzisiweyo kwimveliso ephambili ye-titanium yi-ilmenite, elandisa malunga ne-90% yemveliso, kunye ne-rutile, elandele i-10% esele.
Malunga ne-6.3 yezigidi zeetoni ze-titanium zamaminerali ezijoliswe kwi-concentrate zenziwa ngo-2010, nangona icahlu elincinci (malunga ne-5%) ye-titanium egxile kunyaka ngamnye ekugqibeleni iphelile kwi-titanium yensimbi. Kunoko, amaninzi asetyenziswa ekuveliseni i-titanium dioxide (TiO2), i-pigment egcotshisayo esetyenziswe kwiipende, ukutya, amayeza kunye nezimonyo.
Kwisinyathelo sokuqala senkqubo ye-Kroll, i-titanium ore icutshulwa kwaye ishushu ngelahle lokupheka kwi-chlorine emoyeni ukuvelisa i-titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). I-chloride iyabanjwa kwaye ithunyelwe nge-condenser, evelisa i-titanium chloride liquid ephezulu engama-99% ecocekileyo.
I-titanium tetrachloride ithunyelwa ngqo kwiinqanawa ezine-magnesium etyhidiweyo. Ukuze uphephe ukungcola kwe-oksijeni, oku kuyenziwa nge-adgon gas.
Ngethuba le-process process distillation inkqubo, enokuthatha iintsuku eziliqela, isitya sitshisa ku-1832 ° F (1000 ° C). I-magnesium iyayiphendula ne-titanium chloride, isusa i-chloride kwaye ivelise i-titanium ye-elemental kunye ne-magnesium chloride.
I-titanium ene-fibrous eveliswa njengesiphumo ibizwa ngokuba yi-titanium sponge. Ukuvelisa i-titanium alloys kunye ne-puranium ingots ingots, i-titanium sponge ingancibilikiswa kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo usebenzisa i-electron beam, i-plasma arc okanye i-aspir-arc.
Ngethemba lokunciphisa izindleko ze-titanium zokufakelwa, i-electrolytic kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuvelisa i-titanium zinyithi ziyaqhubeka ziphandwa.
Ngenxa yobume bayo obuqilima, iinkalo zeemveliso zetempile zinobunzima ukuza. Nangona kunjalo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-titanium yehlabathi jikelele yayingama-toni angama-150 000 ngo-2010. Amazwe amakhulu okuvelisa yi-China, Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan nase-United States. Abakhiqizi bamathambo abakhulu be-titanium baquka i-VSMPO (iRashiya), i-Titanium Metals Corp (i-USA), i-RTI Intl. (USA), i-Fushun Jinming Industry (China), uLoyoy Sunrui Wayi Titanium Co. (iChina) kunye no-Osaka Titanium Technology Co. (eJapan).
Izicelo
Izilwanyana ze-Titanium zetsimbi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuma shishini alandelayo:
- I-Aerospace
- Wamajoni
- Zonyango
- Amachiza
- Izinto zemidlalo
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, abenzi beenqwelo zezixhobo baye bajika ngokubhekiselele kwi-titanium njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwakha. Ukususela ekusebenziseni kwayo kokuqala ekuqaleni kwee-1960, umxholo we-titanium oqhelekileyo kwiinqwelo-moya ze-Boeing zenyuka ukusuka kwi-2% yesisindo somzimba ukuya kuma-15%. Kaninzi...
Imithombo
> Ividiyo yeTIMET: Inkqubo yeKroll. Iyatholakala kwiwebhusayithi ye-International Titanium Association: http://www.titanium.org
I-Geological Survey yase-US: Titanium. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/
Vulcan, Tom. 2010. Titanium: I-Metal ye-Gods . Hardassetinvestor.com.
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