Iqela lePlatinum yinyithi yileminye yamaminerali e-rarest emhlabeni. Xa abaninzi abantu becinga ngeqela le-platinum yeessimbi bajolise kuphela kwi-platinum ne-palladium. Ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu ukushisa kunye neepropati ze-platinum ezinamandla kunye ne-palladium zizinto eziphambili ze-converts catalytic ezicacileyo ezichanekileyo zityhefu phambi kokungcolisa imo. Nangona kunjalo, i-platinum ne-palladium zimbini kuphela zetsimbi ezintandathu ezenza iqela elibalulekileyo lezinto.
I-Rhodium, i-osmium, i-iridium kunye ne-ruthenium yizona zinyithi ezine ezibekwe njengePGM okanye i-platinum yesimbi yerhasi. Kukho amaqela amabini ePGM. Iqela le-palladium liquka i-platinum, i-palladium ne-rhodium. Iqela le iridium iquka iridium, osmium kunye ne-ruthenium. Kule ngqungquthela, siza kujonga ezinye ezine, izityana ezincinci ngokwembali yazo, iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.
Rhodium
UWilliam Hyde Wollaston wathola i- rhodium ngo-1803, kungekudala emva kokufumanisa i-palladium ngo-1802. I-Rhodium inemibala yesilivere; lihlala lide kwaye libonisa ukukhanya okuphezulu. I-Rhodium ivela kwi-ore eluhlaza i-platinum -re element engavamile, ibandakanya i-0.0002 isahlulo ngasinye kwisigidi sehlabathi. Imveliso yonyaka ijikeleze iitoni ezingama-30 ngonyaka. Uninzi lwe-acid aluhlaseli rhodium; inendawo ephakame kakhulu kunokuba i-platinum kunye nobunzima obuphantsi. Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-rhodium kwimiqulu yabaguquleli bezithuthi, njengeplatinum ne-palladium.
Ekubeni i-rhodium ingabonakali, inezicelo ekuveliseni ubucwebe. Inika ubuso obomhlophe obonakalisa igolide elimhlophe nge-electroplating. Ikhusela nesilivere esicatshulwayo.
Osmium
UWollaston noSmithson Tennant bafumene i-osmium ngo-1803. I-Osmium yintengo yeplatinum, i-nickel kunye ne-ores ye-copper.
U-Osmium unobuncwane ngaphezu kwe-rhodium - eqinisweni yinto encinci yinto ezinzileyo kwilizwe elikhulayo kunye nesilinganiso esiqhelekileyo sama-50 kwi-trillion. Ukuveliswa kwe-osmium iyonke ibe ngaphantsi kweetani nganye ngonyaka. Ngaloo nto icocekileyo i-osmium yinto enobuthi kakhulu, ngoko-ke izicelo zokurhweba zidinga ukuzithengisa nezinye izitye. I-Osmium alloyi inzima kakhulu. Iingcebiso ze penti zamanzi, izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye noombane oogqirha zihlala zifuna i-osmium. Ngenxa yokubonakalisa ubuninzi be-osmium, ukuhanjiswa kweendawo zenze iinqanawa zenziwe ngezibuko eziboshwe nge-osmium.
Iridium
U-Smithson Tennant wathola i- iridium ngo-1803. I-Iridium yinto enqabileyo yenziwe ngenani lentlawulo ye-0.001 ngamalungu kwisigidi sehlabathi. I-Iridium iqhutywe ngeendawo eziphezulu kwiintlobo ezintathu zezakhiwo ze-geologic - iipositi ezingenanto, i-craters deposits kunye ne-deposits esebenza kwakhona kwenye yezakhiwo zangaphambili. Iimali eziphambili zehlabathi zilapha eMzantsi Afrika, nangona kunjalo, iibhondi ezinkulu kunye ne-nickel ziqukethe i-iridium. Imveliso ye-iridium yonyaka ijikelezi ezintathu. I-Iridium iyafuneka kwiimveliso ezininzi ezihlobene nekhompyutha. Izicelo zayo ziquka ukuveliswa kwee-crucible ezifunekayo ekukhuleni iikristali ezinkulu eziphezulu.
Iiplaski ze-Spark ziqulethe i-iridium njengokuba i-electrodes kunye ne-catalysts yamachiza. I-isotope ye iridium nayo iyimvelaphi ye-gamma imisebe yonyango lomhlaza.
IRuthhenium
U-Karl Ernst Klaus wathola i-ruthenium ngo-1844. I- Ruthenium yintsimbi ye-74 eninzi kuninzi kwihlabathi. I-ore ngokuqhelekileyo ivela kwi-ores kunye nezinye iiplatinum zeensimbi kwiiNtaba ze-Ural naseMntla naseMzantsi Melika. Imveliso yonyaka ihamba malunga neetoni ezingama-12 ze-ruthenium unyaka ngamnye kunye neendawo zokugcina umhlaba ezijikelezileyo ezi-5,000. I-Ruthenium inzima i-platinum ne-palladium ngoko; inezicelo ekuvelweni koonxibelelwano lwamandla obunxibayo. I-Ruthenium inezinye izicelo zonyango, ukuguqulwa kwamandla elanga kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha. I-Ruthenium yinto enokwenza izinto ezinokuzithengisa kwaye inemimangaliso emgangathweni yokuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu, i-superconductivity exotic kunye ne-high-temperature ferromagnetism.
I-Rhodium, iridium, osmium kunye ne-ruthenium kuphela ukuhweba kwimarike yenyama - ayikho iikontraki zexesha elizayo kule zinyithi. Ii-PGM zizitshixo ezinqabileyo kakhulu. Njengoko iteknoloji iya phambili, ngaba izicelo zezinto ezintle, ezizinzileyo kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi eziyingqayizivele. Njengoko izicelo zikhula ngoko zifuna. Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwonyaka we-iridium yodwa kwanda ukusuka kwii-2.5 ngeetoni ngo-2001 ukuya kwi-10.4 i-toni ngo-2010. Ukungafani kwazo zonke ezo zinyithi ngokwenene zibahlukanisa njengezitye ezixabisekileyo.