Izinzuzo, Iintsilelo, amaThuba, izithintelo kunye neziNto ezilandelayo
I-United States ithengisa ngakumbi nge-EU kuneChina .
Inani elipheleleyo elithengisweyo sele li-$ 1 trillion, kodwa i-TTIP inokukhwelisa loo mali. Inokukhuthaza i-GDP yase-US ngamaphesenti ama-5 kunye ne-EU ngama-3.4 ekhulwini. Oko kukuphelisa zonke iintlawulo kunye nezinye izithintelo zorhwebo.
Ukuba igqityiwe, i-TTIP iya kuba yiyona mvumelwano mkhulu yezorhwebo yehlabathi. Oku kuya kukhulisa amandla oqoqosho lwe-US . Kuya kuba mkhulu kunesivumelwano seNorth American Free Trade Trade ( NAFTA ). Kuya kuba mkhulu kuneNtsebenziswano yeTranspacific. (Umthombo: "Woza, TTIP," I-Economist, ngoFebruwari 16, 2013.)
Ukubaluleka kwe-EU kukhulu ngakumbi kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle (FDI). Iinkampani zaseYurophu zenze i $ 1.5 trillion, okanye iipesenti ezingama-63, ze-FDI ewonke e-United States. Iinkampani zaseMerika zenze i $ 1.7 trillion, okanye iipesenti ezingama-50 ze-FDI eYurophu ngo-2009.
Olu tyalo-mali lusebenzisa abasebenzi abanezigidi ezine kumacala omabini ase-Atlantiki. Yiyo yindlela abaninzi abaqeshwe ngayo amaqela aseYurophu okanye ase-US asekelwe.
Ngokomzekelo, inkampani yaseJamani Siemens, isebenzisa abantu abangama-60 000 eUnited States. I-General Electric isebenzisa abasebenzi abangama-70 000 eYurophu. (Umthombo: "I- US-EU yoRhwebo noBudlelwane bezoQoqosho: Imiba ephambili yeNkqubo yeCongress 112 ," iNkonzo yoPhando lweCongress, ngoJanuwari 18, 2012.)
UMongameli u-Obama wagxotha i-TTIP ngethuba lakhe leNkulumbuso ye-Union ye-2013 .
Ngomso olandelayo, abameli bezorhwebo baqalisa "iinkqubo zangaphakathi eziyimfuneko zokuqalisa iingxoxo." (Umthombo: "I-US, EU-Announce Isigqibo sokuqalisa iiNtetho kwiTTIP," USTR, ngoFebhuwari 13, 2017.)
Iinkonzo
Izinzuzo zeTTIP ziyabonakala. Ukukhula okukhulu kunokudala imisebenzi kunye nokuchuma kwezo zombini. UMongameli weNgxowa-mali wase-UK uDavid Cameron wamemezela ukuba kunokudala imisebenzi yezigidi ezimbini. (Umthombo: "I-EU / US Deal Trade Deal ingavelisa i- £ 100 eBillion," iBelfast Telegraph, ngoJuni 18, 2013.)
Amashishini athile aya kuncedwa ngaphezu kwamanye. Ngokomzekelo, iinkampani zonyango ziza kunciphisa iindleko. Kungenxa yokuba kuya kubakho enye evunyelweneyo-kwinkqubo yokuvavanya iziyobisi ze-US kunye ne-EU. Icandelo lemoto yombane liza kuxhamla ngokuthobela umgangatho owumbeneyo. Amafama aseMerika angakhula ukuba i-EU ivumele iimveliso zezolimo eziguqulwe ngokwemizimba.
Isivumelwano siya kuqinisa ukuma kwe-geopolitical yebhokisi leTrans-Atlantic ngokuchasene namandla oqoqosho eChina, eIndiya nakwezinye iintlanga zasePacific, kwakunye nokuphumelela kweLatin America. Ukuba iUnited States kunye ne-EU bangayinisa ukungafani kwabo, bangakwazi ukuma phambi kokumelana nemingcipheko yemakethe evela kulo lonke ihlabathi.
Umxhasi
Amashishini amaninzi anokufumana uxinzelelo olukhuphiswano lwaseYurophu.
Oku kungabangela imisebenzi embalwa kwabasebenzi baseMerika. Ezi ngxaki zihamba nazo naziphi na izivumelwano zorhwebo .
Ngokomzekelo, uqoqosho lwezolimo lwaseYurophu luya kuhlaselwa ngokutya okungezantsi kwamazwe aseMerika. Bobabini oorhulumente beza kufuneka bayeke ukukhusela amashishini afana ne-French champagne. UBoing, inkampani yaseMelika, ukhuphiswano olukhuselekileyo lomhlaba kwi-Airbus yaseFrance. Isivumelwano sinokulimaza esinye ngaphezu kwesinye.
Iingxaki
Isithintelo esikhulu kunazo zonke yindawo ekhuselweyo yezolimo shishini ngalinye. Bonke bafumana inkxaso- karhulumente. Akunakwenzeka ukuba iqabane loshishino luya kunciphisa inani lemali yenkxaso karhulumente. Oku kuya kukwandisa intengo yokutya ngakumbi.
I-EU iyayinqanda zonke izityalo eziguquguqukayo eziphilayo. Inqabela inyama kwizilwanyana eziphathwe ngama hormone okukhula. Ikwala kwakhona inkukhu ehlanjwe ngeklorine.
Ezi zizo zonke izinto eziqhelekileyo nokutya kwe-US. Abathengi baseYurophu baya kubhikisha ukuba le miqathango yaphakanyiswa. Bafuna ukukhuselwa kwisitya esingcolileyo okanye sezantsi. (Umthombo: "Indlela I-Chlorine yahlamba ngayo inkukhu ikhusela i-US Trade Trade," iWashington Post, ngoFebruwari 13, 2013.)
Emva koko kukho imiba encinci. Ngokomzekelo, iGrisi ifuna i-cheese ebizwa ngokuthi "feta" yenziwe ngezimvu okanye kwiibhokhwe. Amadyuza ase-US enza i-feta cheese ebusini beenkomo.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba i-EU iya kuphazamiseka kwimimiselo ephumayo. Enyanisweni, inkcaso yokunciphisa le migangatho yiyo ekugqibeleni ibonisa ukufa kwe- Doha malunga neentetho zezorhwebo zehlabathi.
Amathuba
Enye imeko yokunqoba le miqobo ingaba yindlela ehambelana ngayo. Iingxoxo zingaphumelela kwiindawo ezingenamaphuzu amakhulu okunamathela. Ngokomzekelo, iirhafu ezisele zingasuswa . Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyi kuba nempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho, kuba iirhafu sele ziphantsi.
Isimo
Ngo-Juni 23, 2016, iGreat Britain yavota ukushiya i-European Union. Oko kuqhuba iingxoxo kwizinga elitsha lokungaqiniseki. Kungathabatha iminyaka emibini ukuba iinkcukacha zokuphuma kwayo zenziwe. Amafu afana nesimo sakhe njengelungu lesivumelwano sorhwebo. Ivoti iqinisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye namazwi olwaphulo-mthetho kwiCongress.
Ingqungquthela ye-11 yeengxoxo yaqala ngo-Oktobha 20, 2015, eMiami. Ingxoxo kwizinto zokutya zihlala ingongoma yokunamathela. (Umthombo: "Imithetho yokutya ibonisa ukuba nzima ukuxhoma," iWall Street Journal, ngo-Oktobha 20, 2015.)
Ngo-Ephreli 16, 2015, iCongress yanikela uMongameli ngokukhawuleza ukulandelela igunya lokukhuthaza ukuthengisa kuze kube ngu-2021. Lwamvumela uMongameli Obama ukuba aqhubeke neengxoxo zokugqibela. I-fast track ithatha iCongress kufuneka inike izithupha okanye izithupha kwi-trade deal. Abakwazi ukuphinda babuyele kuzo zonke iinkalo zesivumelwano sezoqoqosho ezininzi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukulawula ukugqiba iingxoxo. (Umthombo: Abameli be-US abaphezulu baphokoza ngokukhawuleza kwe-Track Track, i-CBS , ngo- Ephreli 16, 2015.)
Ingxoxo yaqala emva nje emva kwe-2013 G8 Summit . Emva kuka-Obama kaRhulumente ka-2013 weManyano, amacandelo amabini avumile ukufumana iQela lokuSebenza eliPhakamileyo kwiMisebenzi kunye noKhula (HLWG) ingxelo njengesizathu sokuqhubela phambili iingxoxo. I-HLWG yamiselwa ngo-2011 ukufumana indlela engcono yokufikelela kwi-TTIP.
NgoFebruwari 11, 2013, i-HLWG inikezele ngeengcebiso eziqokelelwe kule mimandla emithathu:
Ukufikelela kwiMakethe - Indlela efanelekileyo yokuphucula oku kuya kuba:
- Ukuphelisa yonke imisebenzi kunye neerhafu kwimveliso engeyiyo. Qhubekani neengxoxo kwiimarike ezibukhali, ezifana nezithuthi zorhwebo kunye nezolimo.
- Yenza iimfuno zeelayisenisi kunye neemfuno ezicacileyo ngakumbi kwiinkonzo.
- Ukukhulula iinkqubo zotyalo-mali ngelixa ugcina ukhuseleko.
- Ukuphucula ukufikelela kumathuba karhulumente okuthengwa.
Ngaphandle kweeNkqubo zeMida kunye neMimiselo - Ezi ngxaki phakathi kweenkqubo ezingekho iirhafu okanye imithetho kodwa zenza kube nzima kumafama angaphandle ukuba enze ishishini. Ukuze unqobe oku, i-HLWG icebisa ukuba amacala amabini:
- Sebenzisa imigangatho ebekwe yiWorld Trade Organisation (i-WTO) ukusebenzisa iindlela ezivunyelwene ngazo kwiinkalo zesayensi ukujongana nemicimbi engcolileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-EU kufuneka ilahle ukugatya kwayo ukwamukela i-GMO kunye nokutya okwenziwa ngamahomoni. (Oku kuya kuba nzima ukulungisa.)
- Sebenzisa amazinga e-WTO ukudala uvavanyo olufanayo, isitifiketi kunye neemfuneko zokumisela.
- Sebenzisanani kunye nokuphumeza imimiselo ekhoyo kunye nokuphuhlisa imigaqo emitsha.
- Xa imithetho kunye neziqinisekiso zihlala zihlukile, vumelana nokwamkela iimpahla ezivunywe kunye neenkonzo ukusuka kwelinye iqabane elorhwebo. (Ngokomzekelo, oogqirha kunye namayeza asebenzise ilayisenisi yawo yokusebenza naphi na kwindawo yokuhweba.)
- Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusebenzisana ekuphuhliseni imigaqo ezayo.
ImiGaqo ejongene neMibutho yoRhwebo loLuntu loLuntu kunye nemiSebenzi - Le miba iya kubeka imilinganiselo yezivumelwano zorhwebo yonke indawo. I-HLWG icebisa ukuba macala omabini:
- Ukubambisana kunye nokwenza umanyano ohlangeneyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo epropati.
- Kubandakanya ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokukhuselwa kwabasebenzi kwi-TTIP, usebenzisa izikhokelo ezikhoyo.
- Ukufikelela kwisivumelwano kwimimandla ebalulekileyo ekuthengiseni ihlabathi. Ezi ziquka amasiko kunye nokuququzelela urhwebo, umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhuphisana, amabhizinisi karhulumente, ukukhuselwa kwamashishini asekuhlaleni, izinto ezibonakalayo kunye namandla, amashishini amancinane naphakathi kwamashishini, kunye nokungafihli. (Umthombo: " Ingxelo yokugqibela ," i-HLWG, ngoFebruwari 11, 2013.)
Ngezibuyekezo zakutsha nje, khangela iMission United States kwi-European Union.