Yintoni eyenzekayo xa iiNtloko ezi-7 zeNtloko zidibana
AmaGungu eLungu leG7 kunye nabanye abahlali
Amazwe alungu le-G7 yi-United States, iBrithani, iFransi, iJapan , iJamani , iItali, neCanada Iimpawu zokuqala ezithandathu ziyinxalenye yokuqala ye-G6.
Ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala yabanjwa eRambouillet, eFransi ngowe-1975. Ngelo xesha kwakuyi-G6. IKhanada yajoyina ngo-1976, yenza i-G7. Ngo-1997, iRashiya yajoyina, yenza i-G8.
Ngo-2013, i-G8 yaba yi-G7. Kungenxa yokuba iRashiya yahlasela iCrimea. Amanye amalungu e-G8 angabandakanyi iRashiya njengenxalenye yezohlwayo. Ngaphezulu, jonga iindlela ezintathu zeCrisis Ukraine .
Ezinye iintlobo zeenkokheli zehlabathi ziyamenywa, kuquka nabameli be- European Union , iChina , i- India , iMexico neBrazil. Iinkokheli zemibutho ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe zamenywa, kuquka iMF , iBhanki yehlabathi kunye neManyeneyo .
Indlela i-G7 Power Lost
Ngomnyaka we-2008, kwenzeka ukutshintshwa kwamandla. Nangona i-G8 ithetha ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya , kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezinye iindaba zehlabathi ezibalulekileyo, zilahlekile ngokupheleleyo kwiinkalo zezimali zango-2008. Ngenxa yoko, ibonakalise ukuphela komyalelo wehlabathi elidala kunye nokuqala komtsha
Intlanganiso yaqhutyelwa ngoJulayi, ngoxa uFannie noFreddie beya kubhoxiswa, kwaye emva kokuhlawulwa kweebhanki kwi- LIBOR amazinga ahamba e-haywire , kwaye i- Fed yabamba ingqungquthela yokuqala yongxamiseko kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuhlangula ibhanki yotyalo-mali, i-Bear Stearns. Ngamanye amazwi, kwakukho ezininzi iinkcukacha ezifunekayo ezi nkokeli zehlabathi ukwenza into ngokukhawuleza!
Kunoko, i- G-20 ingene kwi-summit yayo kwaye iqwalasele ingcambu yengxaki. Bacela i-US ukuba ilawulwe iimarike zayo zezimali. I-United States yavuma, ukuvumela ukungatshatyalaliswa kwemali ye-credit swaps kunye nezinye izixhobo ezivela kwihlabathi ukuba zihlasele ihlabathi kwiinkathazo zemali kunye nokunciphisa imali.
Emva koko, kwacaca ukuba amazwe ase-G20 akhupha iimarike ezikhulayo, ezazisinda kakhulu kule nkathazo, kwakufuneka amalingani afunekayo nawaphi na amanyathelo omhlaba wonke. Kwaye iNgqungquthela ye-G20 yanyusa i-G8 njengentlanganiso ebaluleke kakhulu yehlabathi yazo zonke iinkokeli zehlabathi.
2017 Ingqungquthela
I-Italy yabamba iNgqungquthela ka-2017 eTaormina ngoMeyi 26-27. UMongameli uTrump wavuma ukubuyisela isibambiso malunga nokukhuselwa. Wavumi ukuvuma ukuguquka kwemozulu. Amalungu avume ukuqhubeka nokugweba iRussia ukuba iphinde ingenelele e-Ukraine. UMongameli uIssoufou waseNiger ukhumbuze iinkokeli zeemfuneko zokuphuhliswa koqoqosho oluqhubekayo e-Afrika ukuyeka ukuhamba kwabafuduki. Kwakhona wacela uncedo lokuphelisa intlekele eLibya. Ingongoma yokuthutha abantu abaya eYurophu.
2016 Ingqungquthela
IJapan yabamba iNgqungquthela ka-2016 kwi-Ise-Shima ngoMeyi 26-28, 2016. Iinkokeli zithembisa ukuxhasa izivumelwano zorhwebo zamahhala, kuquka i- Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership kunye ne- Trans-Pacific Partnership .
Bavuma ukuphucula izibonelelo ngaphakathi kwabo nakwamanye amazwe. Eli qela lalisungula iqela elisebenzayo le-cyber-terrorism ukuphucula intsebenziswano. Kuthembisa ukunceda ukuzinzisa iMiddle East ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwababaleki eYurophu. Iinqununu zathembisa ukulwa nokufudumala kwehlabathi ngokungena kwimpumelelo kwisivumelwano seParis (Umthombo: "I-G7 Ise-Shima Summit," uMphathiswa wezeMicimbi yangaphandle, eJapan. "IJapan ibamba iNgqungquthela yama-47 yeNyaka ye-G7," I-Businesswire, ngoMeyi 28, ngo-2016. "
Ingxoxo ka-2015
IJamani yabamba iNgqungquthela ka-2015 kwi-Elmau Castle ngoJuni 8, 2015. I-G7 yamemezela isicwangciso sokucima yonke i-fuel fuels emhlabeni jikelele ngo-2100. Yayihoxisa ukwenza isicwangciso esihlangeneyo sokuhlaselwa kwe-ISIS. Kwakhona kwashiya ingxaki yesiGrike kwi-EU kunye ne-IMF ukulungisa. (Umthombo: "Nazi izizathu ezi-5 zeNgqungquthela yeG7 yayisisidimazo," IXESHA, Juni 12, 2015)
2014
UMongameli waseRashiya uVladimir Putin bekufuneka ukuba abambe i-G8 eSochi ngoJuni 14-15. Endaweni yoko, i-G7 ikhansele intlanganiso. Kwabanjelwa ingqungquthela yongxamiseko eBrussels, eNetherlands, ngoJuni 7-8. Waqhubeka nokugwetywa kwezoqoqosho kwiRashiya waza wanikela i-$ 5 billion kwi-Ukraine. Yathembisa ukubonelela ngezicwangciso zokunciphisa izityalo. Yavulwe isicwangciso sayo sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezityalo ezikhoyo ngamaphesenti angama-30 ngo-2030 xa kuthelekiswa namazinga ka-2005. Yenze inkxaso eyongezelelweyo kwiinzame zeNtsapho yezeMpilo yokunciphisa izifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana ne-Ebola kunye nesifo sofuba. (Umthombo: Ingqungquthela ka-2014 G-7, i-White House)
2013 Summit
Ingqungquthela ye-2013 yabanjwe ngoNovemba 17-18 eLough Erne, e-Enniskillen eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Yayibanjwe nguNdunankulu wase-UK uDavid Cameron. Iinkokheli zavuma:
- Yibambe inkomfa yokufikelela kwisisombululo sezopolitiko kwimpikiswano yaseSiriya. (I-G8 yazama ukunqoba ukukhanyela kweRashiya ukungenelela eSiriya, iqabane layo.)
- Sebenzisanani kunye nokufumana abahlaseli berhafu.
- Ncedisa i-TIP. Iingxoxo ziqala ukulandela iNkomfa. Ukuxhasa i-EU / Japan kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo ze-EU / Canada.
- Isitampu ihlawule intlawulo yentlawulelo kumaphekula. Phantse iidola ezingama-70 ihlawulwe kwiindawo zokubanjelwa kwabakhululekileyo kwiminyaka emithathu edluleyo, kwi-2.5% yezigidi ezihamba ngamanye amazwe. (Umthombo: Ofisi kaNdunankulu wase-UK, i-G8 Iingxelo zeenkokeli, ngoJuni 18, 2013. "ICameron ifuna ukuyeka ukuhlawula intlawulelo," iBelfast Telegraph, ngoJuni 17, 2013.)
2012
UMongameli Obama wabamba iNkomfa ka-2012 ngoMeyi 18-19, 2012, kwiCamp David eFrederick, MD. Ugxininiso lwengxowankulu yehlabathi kwi-EU, kwaye iinkokheli zeG8 zavuma ukuba iGrisi igcinwa kwi-Eurozone. Ngenxa yoko, i-EU iguqukile kwiimilinganiselo zokunyusa ukukhuthaza ukukhula. Iinkokheli zavumelana malunga nemibandela ebanzi, kuquka:
- Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokunikezela kwamandla, ukuxhasa ezinye izinto, nokunciphisa ukungcola kwemozulu (i-methane, i-carbon carbon, ne-hydrofluorocarbons).
- Ukuphucula ukondla kokutya e-Afrika kunye neNew Alliance, eya kuphakamisa abantu abayizigidi ezingama-50 ngenxa yobuhlwempu kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.
- Ukunikela ngeebhiliyoni ezili-16 ngonyaka ngonyaka we-2017 ukujongana netyala le-Afghanistan.
- Ukuxhasa amazwe aseArabhu ngokuguqulwa kunye noDeauville Partnership. (Umthombo: Isebe likaRhulumente wase-US, Uhlaziyo lokugqibela kwi-US G-8 kaMongameli, ngoDisemba 31, 2012)
2011
Ingqungquthela ka-2011 yabanjwa nguMongameli waseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy eDeauville, eFransi ngoMeyi 26-27. Baye baphenduka kwimvukelo ye-Arab Spring ngokudala ubudlelwane beDeauville ukukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho kula mazwe. Bakha isaziso sokuqala ngamalungelo abantu, idemokhrasi kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-Afrika. Ekuphenduleni inhlekelele yenyukliya yaseJapan, iinkokheli zavuma ukuvavanya izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokuphononongwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. (Umthombo: IKhomishini yaseYurophu, iG8 France 2012)
2010 Ingqungquthela
NgoJuni 25-26, 2010, i-G8 Summit yaqhutyelwa eHuntsville, e-Ontario, kwaye yabanjwa nguNdunankulu weCanada uStephen Harper. Kuloo ntla nganiso, i-G8 yenze i-R5 billion eyongezelelweyo kwi-Initiative yaseMuskoka kuMpilo kaMama, iNtsana neNtsapho. Bajolise ekuphenduleni kwizinto ezisongela ukusasazeka kwenyukliya e-Iran naseNyakatho Korea, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuzinza e-Afghanistan nasePakistan. (Umthombo: uNdunankulu waseKhanada, iNkcazo yokuvalwa kwe-2010 G8 Summit, ngoJuni 26, 2010)
2009
UNdunankulu oyiNkulumbuso uSilvio Berlusconi wabamba iNgqungquthela ka-Julayi 8-10 e-L'Aquila, e-Italy. Injongo ephambili yenkomfa yayiyisivumelwano sokuqhubela phambili imizamo eqhubekayo yokujongana neengxaki zemali kwihlabathi. Le ngqungquthela yayiquke amalungu amaninzi e-G20, awazange abone inqanaba elifanayo lokutshatyalaliswa koqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, amalungu nawo avumelene nemicimbi ephakamileyo. Ezi ziquka: iinzame zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu, zincoma ukuxhasa amazwe aseAfrika, zichithe iiligidi ezingama-20 zeebhiliyoni kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo ukwenzela ukukhulisa ukulima kwimihlaba yasemaphandleni, ihlase iprogram yenyukliya yase-Iran, ixhasa ukunciphisa izixhobo zenukliya e-US naseRashiya, kwaye ixhasa Isisombululo sesibini se-Israel kunye nePalestine. (Umthombo: Isishwankathelo sikaSihlalo u-L'Aquila, ngo-10 Julayi 2009)
2008 Ingqungquthela
Le ngqungquthela ebalulekileyo yabanjwa eTokyo, eJapan ukususela ngoJulayi 7-9 2008. Ejongene noNkulumbuso uJasuo Fukuda, iinkokeli ziqhubeka zikhuthaza imbono ethembekileyo ngoqoqosho lwamazwe ngelixa liphazamiseka. Enyanisweni, babexhalabele ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngenxa yeoli-rekhodi ephezulu, i-gas kunye namaxabiso okutya. Kwakhona babe nethemba lokuba i-WTO Round of negotiations iza kuphumelela. Iinkokeli zathi injongo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi jikelele ngo-2050, ukuguqula ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Njengezinye iifomethi, iinkokeli zisekela ukunciphisa intlupheko e-Afrika kwaye zibonisa ukuxhalaba kwiindawo ezishisayo ezifana neNyakatho Korea, i-Iran, i-Afghanistan kunye ne-Israel, kunye neSudan, iMyanmar kunye neZimbabwe. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu, funda isishwankathelo seNgqungquthela yaseHokkaido yaseTokyo.
2007
Ngelishwa, i-G-8 yayiphumelele ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuguqula ukunyuka kwezomnotho kwehlabathi ngo-2008. Baye bavuma ukuvumelanisa nomgaqo wokuziphatha wee- hedge funds , ezifumaneka ikakhulukazi eMelika nase-UK. Bayaqonda ukuba kwakudingeka, kodwa babengenalo inxaxheba kwezopolitiko yokulandela.
Kunoko, uKhansela uMerkel uvumelekile ukudibana nalezi ngxowa-mali zokubakhombisa ukuba ubulumko ekumiseni ikhowudi yokuziphatha. Njengoko ngoku siyazi, iinzame zakhe azange zanele ukunciphisa ubungozi behlabathi obuthatyathwa yi-hedge funds.
Ngo-2007, iKhansela yeJamani kunye noMongameli wase-EU u-Angela Merkel wayenguSihlalo weNgqungquthela ye-G8. Waqhekeza isivumelwano esinguquko-mlando sokuguquka kwesimo sezulu esabandakanya ukufumana i-US ukuba ivume ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ungaphantsi kwe-UN. Kuze kube ngoko, i-US inqande ukuthobela izenzo zayo kumgaqo-UN. UMerkel wathola i-US ukuba ivume ukuba "icinge ngokucokisekileyo" ukusika i-greenhouse gas emission in half half 2050. Inkokheli yeChansela inkokheli kaMerikel ibonakala ibonisa ukuba i-EU yayingaphezulu kwinduna yehlabathi kunamanye amazwe. i-post-WWII Marshall plan.
Oko kuthetha Kuwe
Ngokudabukisayo, iintsikiti zithetha kakhulu kuwe. Kungenxa yokuba iifomethi yithuba eliphosakeleyo lokuba iinkokeli zamazwe aphuhliswe kwihlabathi zifezekise into kwaye zixazulule iingxaki ezinkulu kwihlabathi. Kunoko, bakhupha izivakalisi eziqhelekileyo.
Abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-G-7 ayisasimeleli iinkokeli zonyani kwihlabathi loqoqosho. Ngomnyaka we-2008, uMongameli we- EU kunye noMongameli waseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy badibana noMkomishinala we-EU uManuel Barroso kwaye bacela ukuba kufakwe iShayina, iNdiya kunye neBrazil kubulungu be-G-8. Okwangoku, esi sicelo sinyanzelwanga. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i- G20 ibe yibutho elibaluleke ngaphezu kweG8.