Kutheni i-Gasoline ifakwe?
Urhulumente unyanzelisa irhafu yasePigouvian kwiimoto ezingagqibekanga ukwenzela ukuba umqhubi ahlupheke kakhulu ngeendleko. Ngokusoloko ilawula ingeniso kwerhafu ukwenzela ukuphucula iindleko zangaphandle.
Ngokufanelekileyo, irhafu yePigouvian iya kubiza umvelisi inani elilinganayo nenzakalo elibangela abanye. Ngokomzekelo, umenzi unetyhefu amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yokusebenza. Ixabisa idolophu eyi-$ 1 yezigidi ukuyihlambulula. Umenzi okhupha iingu-100,000 zamaritha enkunkuma ngalelo xesha. I dolophu iya kubeka i-$ 1 yezigidi ukuziphatha ngokudlulileyo. Kodwa kuya kubeka iRhafu ye-Pigouvian ye-$ 10 i-gallon iya phambili. Oku kuya kubandakanya iindleko zokungcola kwangaphambili. Ukuba bekufanelekile kwiqumrhu ukuqhubeka nokwenza umkhiqizo walo wokuvelisa i-toxin, ngoko kuya kuhlawula ixabiso. Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko kuya kuphuma kwishishini. Ngayiphi indlela, idolophu iya kuba namanzi acocekileyo.
Ierhafu zasePigouvian zifana nentlawulo yesono ebeka iindleko kwimpahla enobungozi.
Kodwa iintlawulo zesono zenzelwe ukuphazamisa zangaphakathi. Lezo ziphumo ezibi ezenzeka kumsebenzisi.
Umzekelo werhafu yesono kunye nerhafu yePigouvian yerhafu yecuba. Kuphazamisa ababhemayo ukuba bangabandakanyeka kumkhwa oya kudala ukulimala ngaphakathi, umhlaza wemiphunga. Ikwasebenzisa iidola zeerhafu ukuxhaswa ngamaphulo afundisa abantu malunga neengozi yomhlaza wamaphaphu.
U mzekelo
Irhafu yerhasi yePigouvian. Ifuna ukuphakamisa iindleko zomqhubi ukufihla zangaphandle ezimbi ezidalwe yimoto. EUnited States, irhafu yentlawulo yegesi i-$ 0.184 ngegaloni. Umyinge wazo zonke iirhafu zaseburhulumenteni zi-$ 0.2785 ngegaloni. Imali ingena kwiFederal Highway Trust Fund ukuhlawula ukulungiswa kwendlela. Kodwa iCongress ayinakwandisa irhafu ukususela ngo-1993. Ngenxa yoko, ingeniso ayaneleyo ukugcina i-Highway Trust Fund isisombululo.
IFransi ihlawulisa irhafu yengxowa yePigouvian kwiindiza ezisezikhungweni zee-9 ezihamba phambili. Isuka kwi-2 euro ukuya kwi-euro ezingama-35 kuye kuxhomekeke kwisikhululo se-moya kunye nobukhulu be-moya. Urhulumente usebenzisa i-engeniso kwizindlu ezinengqiqo ezibonakaliswe kumanqanaba engxolo ezingaphezu kwe-70 decibel.
Iirhafu zeCarbon ziPigouvian. Bandisa iindleko kubakhenkethi abangabhataleli umonakalo ongqongileyo. Iinqanaba eliphezulu zekhabhoni zidala ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Itshabalalisa idala iintlekele zemvelo ezikhudlwana, iphakamisa amanqanaba olwandle, kunye nokwanda kwamanzi. Ierhafu ilungisa oku ngaphandle kokuphakamisa intengo ukubonisa le ntlawulo yentlalo.
IiPigouvian Taxes Zisebenza
Ngo-2002, i-Ireland yerhafu iplastiki. Abathengisi bahlawula i-0.15 yee-euro kwisikhwama ngasinye kwirejista. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa, ukusetyenziswa kwesikhwama seplastiki kwawa ngama-94 ekhulwini.
Ngomnye umva kamva, wonk Inqumle ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngama-90 ekhulwini. Ingeniso iya kubulungiseleli bendawo yokunyanzelisa nokucocwa. Ngo-2007, irhafu yenyuka i-euro2.22.
Ngo-2003, isixeko saseLondon siqalise ukuhlawulwa kweNkxalabo yokuqhubela phambili phakathi kweLondon ngexesha leentsuku zokusebenza. Kwakuphakathi kwama-9 ukuya kwi-12 ukuya kwexesha kunye nemali ekude kuyo umzi. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ukudibanisa ngaphakathi kwendawo kwawa ngekota. Emva kweminyaka eyi-10, ukudibanisa kwakusenyuka ngama-10.2 ekhulwini. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha lokuhamba alizange linyuswe. Isixeko sisebenzisa iimali zendlela yokuthutha.
Ngo-2008, iBritish Columbia yazisa irhafu yerobhoni. Iquka iipesenti ezingama-70 zepropati ye-greenhouse gas. Unyaka wokuqala, uhlawulisa i-C $ 10 ngetoni ye-carbon dioxide elinganayo.
Le ntlawulo yenyuka i-$ 5 ithoni nganye ngonyaka ukuya kwi-C $ 30 nganye ngetoni ngo-2012. Ireyithi iguqulela kwi-C $ 0.0667 ilitha ye-petroli, kunye ne-C $ 0.0767 ngelitha kwi-diesel. Ingeniso iya kuhluthwa kwerhafu kunye neenzuzo ezikhulayo.
Phakathi ko-2007 no-2014, ukukhutshwa kwehle kwawa ngama-5.5 ekhulwini nangona ukwanda kwepesenti yabantu abangama-8.1. Imveliso yasekhaya yangempela yenyuka i-12.4 ekhulwini ngeli xesha. IKhanada yamkela irhafu efana nekhabhoni ngo-2018. Iyaqala kwi-C $ 10 ngetoni kwaye iza kuvuka kwi-C $ 50 ngetoni ngo-2022.
Iinkonzo
Iirhafu zasePigouvian ziphazamisa ukuziphatha okudala izinto zangaphandle ezimbi. Kwiimeko apho kungenjalo, iphakamisa imali ekuncedeni abo bachaphazelekayo ngaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yerhasi iyanciphisa ukuqhuba xa kuxhasa imali yokugcinwa kweendlela.
Iirhafu zasePigouvian zenza usebenze ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho. Irhafu ilingana neendleko zomonakalo wangaphandle. Yenza ixabiso elifanelekileyo lokuvelisa okulungileyo okanye inkonzo. Ibhizinisi ke ligqiba isigqibo sokuba ngaba lixabiso leyongezelelweyo.
Umxhasi
Iirhafu zasePigouvian zihlaziywa xa zibeka umthwalo onzima kumahlwempu kunotyebi. Ngenxa yerhafu yerhafu, iirhafu zasePigouvia zithatha ipesenti enkulu yomvuzo womntu osweleyo. Intlawulo ye-10 yerhafu ithatha ngaphezulu kwi-$ 100 kunokuba iphuma kwi-$ 1,000. Iba nzima kakhulu xa ithe yafakwa kwiimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezihluphekileyo ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa.
Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yerhafu yerhafu yasePigouvian. U-Gallup Poll wonyaka ka-2015 ufumene ukuba i-fifth-earning-fifth isabelwe i-1.3 ekhulwini yokuchitha imali kwi-cigarettes, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.3 yepesenti yokufumana i-fifth-income earning. Kwimeko elungileyo, abantu abafumana imali encinci basabela kakhulu kwiirhafu zasePigouvian. Isiqingatha esona sibi kakhulu sabashemi sanciphisa i-cigarettes yabo ngokuphindwe kane ngaphezu kwesiqingatha esona sivuno. Ngenxa yoko, amahlwempu ahlawula i-11,9 ekhulwini kwenyusa irhafu, kodwa wathola i-46.3 yepesenti yenzuzo njengoko kulinganiswa nokufa okumbalwa.
Iirhafu zasePigouvian, njengawo nawuphi na uhlobo lwongenelelo karhulumente, lunokuba nemiphumo emibi engalindelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, ngowama-1995, iNetherlands yamisa irhafu yomhlaba. Yayifuna ukulondoloza amanzi ahlambulukileyo okusela amanzi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Yayibeka irhafu kwiinkampani zamanzi okusela. Kodwa urhulumente wavumela ukukhululeka okukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezili-10 zahlawula ipesenti ezingama-90 zerhafu. Ezi nkampani zifuna ukuphelisa irhafu. Ngo-2011, urhulumente waseDutch wasusa irhafu ukuba i-tax revenue isingasebenzi.
Imbali
Umcwangcisi waseBrithani u-Arthur Pigou wavelisa ingcamango yangaphandle. Wayexela ukuba urhulumente kufuneka angenelele ukulungisa. Kufuneka yenze irhafu imisebenzi eyenzakalisa uqoqosho ngokubanzi. Kufuneka incedise imisebenzi eyenza uluntu lonke. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abafundi abanesakhono abanakho ukukwazi ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo. Kodwa baya kuzuza uqoqosho xa izipho zabo ziphuhliswa ngemfundo. U-Pigou wathi uorhulumente kufuneka anike inkxaso ngemisebenzi eyenza ezi zangaphandle ezilungileyo. I-pig efundiswe kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge kwada kwaMfazwe Yehlabathi II.