I-Bollywood ininzi kakhulu kune-Hollywood
I-India iye yakhula ngokukhawuleza nangona iRest Recession . Ikhulile i-6.7 ekhulwini ngo-2017, iipesenti ezi-7.1 ngo-2016, kunye ne-8.0 ekhulwini ngo-2015. Ukususela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2014, yakhula phakathi kwama-5 ukuya kwe-11 ukuya kwi-11.
Ukukhula kobukhulu obunzima kuye kwanciphisa ubuhlwempu ngama-10 ekhulwini kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo.
NgoJuni 26, 2017, uMongameli uTrump wadibana nomphathiswa we-Indian Narendra Modi. Baxoxa ngokunyusa inani leenV1 ze-H1B zabangeneleli baseNdiya kunye nenani lezandla zase-US. Iinkokheli zoshishino zaseMelika zifuna iIndiya ukunciphisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela eyenza iinkampani zasekhaya inzuzo engalunganga. Oku kuya kunceda iinkampani zase-US zikhuphisane kumayeza, ukuzonwabisa kunye ne-electronics. Inhlangano yeTrump ifuna ukuphinda kabini impahla yayo ye-India.
Ngo-Meyi 16, 2014, i-Indiya ikhethwe nguMong njengenkulumbuso. Ngokwenza njalo, inqabe iminyaka engama-60 yobunkokeli yiqela eliqalwe nguMahatma Gandhi. UMnu Modi, usomashishini ophumelelayo, uthembise ukunciphisa ulawulo lwesikhundla kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, iiprojekthi zengqalasizinda zengqungquthela kunye nokwenza lula ikhowudi yentlawulo.
Uluhlu kufuneka luhlengahlengise i-bureaucracy ekarhulumente ephakanyisiwe ngoku ukuphakamisa iindleko zokutshala imali ngokuthe ngqo .
Ngokomzekelo, uthetha ngokuphelisa "ugqirha lwerhafu." Wathembise ukulinganisa iinkqubo zerhafu ezinzima zaseIndiya nokuxhasa ukufakwa kweRhafu neNkonzo zeRhafu. Oku kuya kubangela ukuqikelela phambili kwimozulu yezolimo yaseIndiya.
Ngo-2014, uMarm wathembisa ukwandisa urhwebo kunye ne-United States.
U-Modi wathi uya kuphakamisa intsimi yokudlala kwiinkampani zase-US ngokunciphisa imigaqo eyenza ukuveliswa kwepropati yaseIndiya kunye nepropathi. Oku kunokunceda iinkampani zaseMelika zonyango , i-Hollywood kunye ne-electronics consumer.
Nguwuphi uhlobo loqoqosho oluseIndiya?
I-India inezoqoqosho ezixubekileyo . Isiqingatha sabasebenzi baseIndiya bathembela kwezolimo, isayinwa loqoqosho lwendabuko . Ingxenye yesithathu yabasebenzi bayo iqeshwe yinkampani yeenkonzo, ebangela inxalenye yesibini ye-India. Imveliso yale nxalenye yenziwe yenzeke ngokunyuka kwe-Indiya kumgangatho wezoqoqosho . Ukususela kuma-1990, i-Indiya iye yahlula amashishini athile, yabhaptiza amabhizinisi amaninzi karhulumente kwaye yavula iingcango kwiingxowa-mali zangaphandle.
Amandla eNdiya
I-India lizwe elithandekayo lokukhishwa kwempahla kunye nomthombo oncinci wokungeniswa. Kungenxa yokuba uqoqosho lwayo lunaloo mahlanu athelekiswayo :
- Iindleko zokuphila ziphantsi kunase-United States. I- GDP yayo nganye iyingxenye yesinye samazwe asweleyo njenge-Iraq okanye i-Ukraine. Le nto inzuzo kuba abasebenzi baseIndiya abayidingi umvuzo, kuba zonke izinto zithengela ngaphantsi.
- I-India inabasebenzi abaninzi bekhnoloji efundiswe kakuhle.
- IsiNgesi yenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni zaseIndiya. AmaNdiya amaninzi athetha. Oku, kudibene nenqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo, ludonsa ubuchwepheshe be-US kunye namaziko okufowunela eNdiya. Ngokomzekelo, umqeshwa weziko loonxibelelwano lwe-Indian libiza iindleko ezili-12 ngeyure. Leyo phantse isiqingatha seMelika i-$ 20 ngeyure. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-250,000 yeziko lokufowunelwa yayiphuma kwiIndiya nakwiiPhilippines phakathi ko-2001 no-2003. (Umthombo: I-Technology Manufacturing Corp)
- Abantu abayi-1.3 billion baseIndiya bavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho kunye neenkcubeko. Olu hlukeko lunokuba namandla okanye umngeni. Inkalo yezoqoqosho kunye nezoqoqosho zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiijografi. Imimandla emithathu ephezulu yaseIndiya nganye ineklasi ehlukeneyo kunye nokuhlukana kwemfundo. Ngonyaka, abantu abayizigidi ezili-11 bahamba kwimimandla yasemaphandleni bahlala kwiidolophu. Ininzi yabo incinci kwaye ifundiswe. Bafuna umgangatho ophezulu wobomi. (Umthombo: "Ingxelo ekhethekileyo: iNdiya," i-Economist, ngoMeyi 23, 2015.)
- Icandelo lefilimu yase-Indiya elinenzuzo libizwa ngokuba yi "Bollywood." Kuyi-portmanteau yaseBombay (ngoku i-Mumbai) kunye ne-Hollywood. I-Bollywood yenza kabini inani leemafilimu i-Hollywood yenza. Umdlali onqabileyo kakhulu kwihlabathi yi-India ye-Shah Rukh Khan. I-Bollywood inikezele ngezigidi ezigidi ezingama-3 kwi-GDP ye-India ngo-2011 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifinyelele kwi-$ 4.5 yezigidigidi ngo-2016. I-Bollywood yenza inzuzo engaphantsi kwe-Hollywood (i-$ 51 billion) kuphela ngenxa yokuba ixabiso letikiti zalo liphantsi. Ngalinye icala, amafilimu e-Bollywood athatha imali encinci yokwenza: i-$ 1.5 yezigidi ngokulingana nama-47.7 million kwi-Hollywood.
Ezi nzuzo ezithelekisayo zithetha amathuba amakhulu kwi-American business. Utyalo-mali oluzimeleyo lwangaphandle kwiinkampani zaseNdiya linakho ukufumana inzuzo kakhulu. Isigaba esiphakathi samaNdiya singabantu abayizigidi ezingama-250. Oku kunkulu kuneklasi eliphakathi le-US. Kuya kuqhuba ukuqhuba imali yokuthengwa kwabathengi kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.
Ukongeza kwi-FDI, i-Indiya ibonelele ngaphezu kwe-100 iminikelo yokuqala kawonkewonke kwiinyanga ezili-18 zokugqibela. Inkxaso-mali eyimfihlo yabucala ikhule ngo-2012 nangama-2013, umgangatho okulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke. Amandla, uLonophelo lwezeMpilo, iShishino kunye neZakhiwo ziye zazingundoqo kumacandelo amane. Nangona i-M & A ikhethiweyo ekhethiweyo iyanqabile kunyaka ophelileyo, iikhathalo eziphumayo ziye zanda kakhulu kwiimarike ezikhulayo eMiddle East, Asia, Afrika kunye neMzantsi Melika. Ezi zivumelwano ziqhutywe zixabiso elidityanisiweyo ngenxa yokunciphisa umnotho.
Ngo-Matshi 2016, uMnu Modi uzinikezele i-1.5 1.5 yezigidi ngemali kunye nekhefu zentela ukwenzela ukuphucula i-startups ephezulu. Inkqubo iya kuphuhliswa kwezicelo zobhaliso kunye notyalo-mali. Oku kufuneka kuqalwe kabini inkwenkwezi entsha ye-Indiya ukuya kuma-11 500 kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo. (Umthombo: "I-India ibamba i-Big kwiinkampani zokuQala," iMali Yehlabathi, uMashi 2016.)
Iingxaki zeIndiya
UNdunankulu uMshintsha ungumholi wamaHindu wesizwe. Abaninzi bambeka kakubi ngenxa yobundlobongela obubhekiselele kumaSulumane ngoxa wayeyinkokheli yelizwe laseIndiya elisentshonalanga yeGujarat.
Uluhlu luya kumelana ne-India bureaucracy. Oko kwenza ukuba kubekho nantoni na inkqubo yomgaqo- mali okanye yemali . Ngomhla ka-Agasti 2015, wayevinjiwe ekudluleleni ibhilikhwe yokufumana umhlaba ukukhuthaza izibonelelo. Akazange akwazi ukuvelisa ibhilikhwe yokudala iimpahla ezifanayo kunye neerhafu zenkonzo. (Umthombo: "Izibane, Ikhamera, Ukungasebenzi!" I-Economist, uAgasti 29, 2015.)
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wase-US uwonakalise ubutyebi baseIndiya. Xa i- Federal Reserve iqalise inkqubo yayo yokunciphisa i-easing program, ixabiso lentsikelelo elincinci lomeleza ixabiso le dollar. Oku kwabangela ukuba ixabiso le-rupee yaseNdiya liwele. I-9,6 ekhulwini lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ibangela ukuba ibhanki ephakathi yaseIndiya iphakamise iirhafu zayo. Le nyathelo yanciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kwe-Indiya, okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe- stagflation ngo-2013. Kwikota yesibini, bekuyi-9,6 yepesenti yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye ne-0% yokukhula kwe-GDP. Ixabiso lemali libangelwa i-rupee eyanciphayo. Ukukhula okucothayo kwavela kumgaqo- mali wokuphambana nomgaqo-mali wokunciphisa amaxabiso emali. Ngo-2014, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaye kwancipha ukuya kuma-6 ekhulwini.
I- akhawunti yangoku edibeneyo ye-India kunye ne- budget ye-budget yi-12 ekhulwini ye-GDP. Oku kubeka ubuninzi kwezoqoqosho kunye noorhulumente,
Abatyalomali baxhaswa kwiIndiya nakwezinye iimarike ezikhulayo xa i-US Federal Reserve yaqalisa ukutshintshela inkqubo yayo yokunciphisa. Xa idola liphakama i-15 ekhulwini ngo-2014, lanyanzelisa ixabiso le-rupee kunye nezinye iirhweba zeemarike ezikhulayo.
URarhuram Rajan wayeyiRhuluneli yeBhanki ye-Reserve yaseIndiya, ibhanki ephakathi. Wakhuphula isantya somyinge ukuze kugcinwe ixabiso lemali kwaye ikhuphe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Isicwangciso seNqanaba lesi-10 seMenu
UMongameli waseIndiya, uPranab Mukherjee, uchaze amanyathelo a-10 u Rhu lumente uceba ukuthabatha:
- Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya: Ukwandisa ukubonelelwa kokutya ukunciphisa iindleko. Lungiselela ukunceda abalimi ngethuba lexesha eliqhelekileyo elincinci.
- Uqoqosho: Susa umnotho kwiindlela eziphezulu zokukhula. Phindela kwixabiso lentengo. Ukulawula kwakhona umjikelo-mali. Buyisela ukuzithemba kweendawo zasekhaya kunye nakumazwe ngamazwe.
- Imisebenzi: Ngokucwangcisa ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa komsebenzi. Ukukhuthaza ukhenketho kunye nokulima.
- Imirhumo: Imithetho yerhafu ebuyisiwe, eyenziwe ngo-2012-13, ichazwe njengesiqhamo esikhulu kunazo zonke kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle eNdiya. URhulumente weeMali uza kuqalisa ukulungiswa kunye nokwenza lula urhulumente weerhafu ukwenzela ukuba kungabi nxamnye kwaye kulungele utyalo-mali, ishishini kunye nokukhula. Urhulumente uya kwenza yonke imizamo yokuzisa iRhafu neNkonzo zeRhafu ngelixa ejongene neengxaki zelizwe.
- Ukuguqulwa kweMithetho: Imigaqo yokuguqula ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali, ngakumbi kumacandelo enza imisebenzi.
- Ulimo: Ukwandisa utyalo-mali kwi-agri-infrastructure. Imiba enxulumene nexabiso kunye nokuthengwa kwemveliso yezolimo, i-inshurensi yezolimo kunye nokulawulwa kwe-post-harvest. Ukuvuselela ukusekwa kwamashishini okucoca ukutya.
- Ukubuyiselwa kwemveliso: Ukusekwa kwezolimo kunye neendawo zoshishino, ikakhulukazi kwiiKorrid Freight Corridors kunye neCorrid Corridors. Yakha inkqubo enye yefestile yemvume kwiziko kunye nakwilizwe ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokuthetha i-hub.
- Izibonelelo: Iprogram entsha yonyaka-10 iya kuphucula umzila wesitimela, kubandakanywa iphrojekthi ye-diamond ye-Diamond Quadrilateral. Ukufeza iNkqubo yeSizwe. Ukwakha izithuthi eziphantsi kweendleko ezincinci kwiidolophana ezincinci. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nolunxwemeni njengeendlela ezinkulu zokuthutha.
- Ukhuseleko lamandla: Ukwandiswa kwamandla kagesi ngokwandiso lwezinto eziqhelekileyo nezingenanto. Ukuguqulwa kwamacandelo okulahleka ukutsala utyalo-mali lwabucala.
- Ukuhlala kwimizi: Yakha imizi eyi-100 egxile kwimimandla ekhethekileyo kwaye ixhotyiswe ngezinto ezinokubakho kwihlabathi. Ngelo xesha isizwe sifinyelela kwiminyaka eyi-75 yokuzimela kwayo, yonke intsapho iya kuba nekhaya elihle (elibizwa ngokuba yindlu ye-pucca ) ngamanzi ahambayo, iplumbing, 24/7 kagesi. (Umthombo: Udliwano-ndlebe kunye noRamesh Kumar Nanjundaiya, i-CEO yeZiqulatho zeZiqu-zintathu.)
Ubudlelwane boLuntu beZizwe
I-United States enye yeyona nto ininzi yamaqela aseMelika, kunye neChina enye yeyona ntsebenziswano enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ngo-2006, iUnited States yavuma ukungahloneli iSivumelwano seNyukliya engaHlanywanga ngokuvumela ukusebenzisana nesekliya kunye neIndiya. Oku kunxamnye ne-India ukuphulwa komnqophiso ngokuxhaphaza izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye ungayifaki inkqubo yayo phantsi kwezikhuselo ze-IAEA.
I-India ifuna ukuphathwa njengemvume yamandla enyukliya: US, iRashiya, iBrithani, iFransi kunye neChina. I-United States ifuna iNdiya ithinte i-production yayo yezinto eziphathekayo (i-uranium ne-plutonium enamandla kakhulu), kodwa iNdiya inqabe. I-India iceba ukunyusa iimfazwe zayo ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kuma-300 ngo-2010.
Oku kugosa imigaqo ye-Indiya ibonakala kakubi kwiintsebenziswano zase-US ezivumile ukuphepha ekwakheni amandla enyukliya: South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan naseJapane. Isivumelwano sasiyinxalenye yokwanda kwintsebenziswano phakathi kweenkampani zaseMerika naseIndiya. I-United States ne-Indiya kufuneka ibaluleke ngakumbi kwimibutho yezempi, kubandakanywa nokuzibandakanya ngokubambisana kunye nemigudu yokulwa nokulwa.
I-China ne-Indiya zimbini zezoqoqosho ezinkulu kunye nokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yobambiswano babo boqoqosho, amazwe adla ngokuba nguChindia. I-China ne-Indiya zinoqoqosho oluhlangeneyo. Indiya inemveliso eluhlaza; I-China inokwenza . I-India ine-tech-tech; I-China inamashishini kunye nabathengi ukuba basebenzise.
Kananjalo banemibango yezobudlelwane bexesha elide elivela kwimida yabo eqhelekileyo kunye nobuhlobo beChina kunye notshaba lwaseIndiya, ePakistan. Kukho iindlela ezimbalwa zeenqwelo-moya kunye nokulibaziseka kwamaninzi. Ezi mbambano aziyi kusombululwa ngesivumelwano somnye wobuhlobo. Ngethamsanqa, bobabini bayazibona iingenelo ezinokubambisana. Isivumelwano sokurhweba sisisinyathelo sokuqala esihle kwi "Chindia" yelo hlobo.
Ngomntu wesithathu wabantu behlabathi, i-Chindia ingaba namandla amakhulu kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi loqoqosho. Kwakhona kungasongela ukulinganisela kwamandla kuloo mmandla. Oku kuthetha ukuba ku-intanethi ye-United States inomdla wokugcina ubudlelwane bayo neIndiya. Oko kuya kunqanda amandla akhula eChina kuloo mmandla.