Izibhanki zi-IOU ezikhutshwe ngamashishini karhulumente kunye nabucala ukuba bahlawule iindleko ezahlukeneyo. Kubatyalomali, iibhondi zibonelela umgangatho wokuzinza ngokungaqiniseki kwamasheya kwaye kufuneka ube yinxalenye malunga nazo zonke iipotfoliyo.
Kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa kungekhona zonke, iimarike, iibhondi ziya kutshintshela kolunye ulwahlulo lwamasitokethi. Ukuba izitokisi ziphakanyisiwe, iibhondi ziphantsi kwaye ukuba izitokisi ziphantsi, iibhondi ziphakanyisiwe. Olu luhlobo olubanzi kakhulu, kodwa luncedisa ukuba kutheni iimbophelelo zichanekileyo kwiimpahla.
Unobuninzi beentlobo ezikhethiweyo zokukhetha kuzo kwaye uhlobo ngalunye lunempawu ezithile. Nantsi ingqikquthela yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentambo:
Imiba YeeNondyebo zaseMelika
Kuphezulu kwoluhlu olukhuselekileyo, iimfuno ze-US Treasury. "Ukholo olupheleleyo kunye netyala" likaRhulumente waseUnited States libuyisela izixhobo zamatyala, ezenza kubekho utyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo kwiimarike.
Ukuhambelana nale nkhuseleko yinto ephantsi kakhulu. Kweemeko ezithile, ukubuyela kungenakho ukuhamba ngexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye ukungahlali nalo. Yonke inzala evela kwi-US Treasury issues ngokuqhelekileyo ixolelwe kwiirhafu zorhulumente kunye neengingqi, kodwa ingeniso yerhafu yengeniso.
Nazi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhondi zase-US:
- Iimali zeeNondyebo-zineemveliso ezidlulileyo kwiminyaka eyi-10 kwaye uNondyebo wakhupha kumaziko avela kwi-$ 1,000 ukuya kwii-1 yezigidi. I-Nondyebo yase-US ayisayi kuba neBondary Bonds, nangona unako ukuyithengisa kwimarike yesibini.
Bakhokhela inzala emva kweenyanga ezintandathu kwaye babeneminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Nangona uyithenga kumntu okanye inhlangano ngaphandle koRhulumente wase-US, iibhondi ze-Nondyebo zisekelwa "ukholo olupheleleyo kunye nekhredithi" kaRhulumente wase-US.
- Amanqaku eNondyebo - anama-2, 3, 5 okanye iminyaka eyi-10 kunye namahlelo e-$ 1,000. I-Nondyebo yase-United States ithengisa amanqaku kwi-intanethi yomntu ngezikhathi ngezikhathi. Uyabhalela iNqaku ngokubeka ibhidi lokukhuphisana okanye ibhidi elingenakukhuphisana.
Kwilizwe elimangalisayo likarhulumente karhulumente, ukungaqiniseki kwemigangatho yokuqinisekisa ukuba uya kufumana iNqaku. Ukuba ukhupha ibhidi yokukhuphisana, unako okanye ungafumani iQaphela. Yenza ingqiqo, kunene?
Inzala yemali yeNqaku isetyenziswe kwintengiso. Ibhidi lokukhuphisana lichaza ukuba yeyiphi izinga lomyinge ozamkelayo. Ukuba oko kwenzeka ukuba ireyithi ebekwe kwintengiso, ufumana iNqaku. Ukuba akunjalo, awufumani inqaku.
Umrhumo ongenagunyaziso uthi uya kwamkela nayiphi na izinga elibekwe kwintengiso. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uya kufumana iNqaku (ekuthandweni kwintengiso ayigqithwanga ngaphezulu).
- IINKCUKACHA okanye i-Imali-mali eVikelekileyo yokuVikeleka kwezeMali-mali zibophelelwane kunye nezikolo ezi-5, 10 ne-20. Zathengiswa kwiedola ezili-1 000 kwiintengiso njengamanqaku eziNondyebo.
Yintoni eyenza i-TIPS eyahlukileyo kukulungiswa kwexabiso lentengo. Njalo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu iNondyebo ishintshela inqununu ngeNkcitho yabathengi yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Inqanaba elincinci lomdla lisetyenziswe kule nqununu echitshiyelwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Kwimeko yokunyuka kwexabiso, yonke intlawulo yemithwalo yenyanga yesithandathu iya kuba phezulu kunomnye. Ekuvuthweni, i-TIP ikhokhela inqununu ehlengahlengiso-mali okanye ixabiso lobuso bokuqala, nokuba likhulu kangakanani.
Inqununu ingaba njani ngaphantsi kwexabiso lobuso? Ngethuba lexesha lokuchaswa, inqununu yakho iya kuncitshiswa kwaye iintlawulo zenzalo ezalandelayo zingaphantsi. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, kunokwenzeka ukuba inqununu ehlengahlengiswayo i-deflation ingaba ngaphantsi kwexabiso lokuqala lobuso.
- Iingxowa-mali ze-Nondyebo-azikho izibophelelo kwimiqathango engqongqo kuba iziphumo zazo zivela kwiiveki ezi-4 ukuya kuma-26. Kanye kunye nam, i-EE / E kunye ne-H Bond, ii-T-Bills zikwindawo yokulawulwa kwemali, kunokuba zibophe ngqo.
I-website yeSebe leNondyebo yase-US inolwazi olupheleleyo kuzo zonke iimveliso zazo.
Iibhanki zeeArhente
Iibhenkethi zeArhente zibhekisela kwiqela leebhanki ezikhishwe yimibutho ehlobene noRhulumente wase-US.
Ezi arhente azinalo inkxaso ecacileyo yoorhulumente wase-US emva kokubopha kwabo, nangona abanye bekwenza.
Uninzi luwela kwicandelo leemali-mboleko ezixhaswe ngemali okanye imali-mboleko, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho i-asethi ethile, ngokuqhelekileyo i-real estate ehlanganiswe nemboleko. Ezi zibophelelo zihlawula amaxabiso aphezulu kunemiba engqongqo yeSebe le-US elijongene noko, nangona kungabikho mngcipheko omkhulu. Ezi zibophelelo zithengiswa ngokubanzi kumaziko amakhulu kumaziko atyalo-mali. Nazi ezinye zezona zibophelelo zeejensi eziziwayo.
- Urhulumente kaRhulumente weNgxowa-mali kaMasipala okanye uGinnie Mae - ngummandla waseburhulumenteni base-US. Ithengwa imali yokubolekwa kwemali kubanikezeli kunye namachibi kwii-securities. Iimbopheleleko zayo zixhaswa lukholo olupheleleyo kunye nekhredithi yoRhulumente ka-US.
- I-Federal National Mortgage Association okanye uFannie Mae uthenge iimali-mboleko kwiimarike zesekondari kwaye uthengisa kubatshali-mali ezinye zee-mortgages zingahlawulwa yi-Federal Housing Authority (FHA). Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe kwiWebhusayithi yabo.
- I-Federal Home Mortgage Corporation okanye uFreddie Mac ufana noFreddie Mae, kodwa azinalo nayiphi na imali eqinisekisiwe yi-FHA. Ukufumana ulwazi olungakumbi ngoFreddie Mac ukutyelela iWebhusayithi yabo.
- Umbutho Wentengiso Yomfundi okanye uSollie Mae izikwereti zabathengi zabafundi endaweni yezikolo zokuthenga. Ezi ziyingozi kakhulu kunokuba izibophelelo zokubuyela kwi-mortgaged back. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe kwi-Website ye-Sallie Mae.
Izibonelelo zeMasipala
Amacandelo karhulumente karhulumente anjengamazwe, amabhunga, iikishi, izixeko, izithili zesevisi kunye nokunye ukukhupha izibophelelo zokuxhasa umsebenzi wabo.
Ezi zibophelo zikamasipala, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-munis, zixhaswa ngeendlela ezintsha, izikolo, izicwina kunye nezinye iiprojekthi. Kwezinye iimeko, iifizi eziqokelelwe kwiprojekthi ziya kukhishwa kwiimbopheleleko, kwezinye iimeko imeko yentlawulo isetyenzisiwe okanye idibeneyo zombini.
Nangona kungenjalo njengekhuselekile njengemiba ye-US Treasury, i-munis inerekhodi elungileyo lokhuseleko. Enye yezinto eziphambili zezi bhonkco kukuba iholo engenakho livela kwerhafu yengeniso yombuso.
Isici esingenanto yentlawulo, esidibeneyo nokhuseleko lwesizwe senza izibhonkco zikamasipala zikhangeleke kubasomali abanomdla. Njengoko ubongeza ibhonasi, kwezinye iimeko, iibhondi zingabakhokhelwa irhafu yombuso kunye nendawo.
Uthenga i-munis kwi-broker okanye kwimiba emitsha okanye izibophelelo ezikhoyo.
Bonds Corporate
Iinkampani ezikhupha izibophelelo zokuxhasa iiprojekthi ezinkulu ezinokuhlawulwa ngexesha elide. Esikhundleni sokukhupha isitokisitsha esitsha okanye ukusebenzisa i-credit-court-time, iinkampani zisebenzisa izibophelelo zexesha elide ukuxhasa iimali ezitsha, ukufumana nezinye iimfuno.
Amashishini, nokuba yinto efanelekileyo kakhulu yemboleko, ayinalo inqanaba elifanayo lokhuseleko njengabakhuphayo karhulumente; Ngoko ke, iibhondi zabo zihlawula amanqanaba aphezulu.
Izibophelelo zentsebenziswano zinikeza iinkalo ezimbini ezingaqhelekanga kwezinye iibhondi:
- Iibhonti eziguquguqukayo - Esi sici sivumela ukuba isibophelelo siguqulwe sibe sisitye esifanayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Lezo meko zichazwe xa kukhishwa isibophelelo.
- Iimali ezixhaswayo - Ezi zibophelelo zingabizwa okanye zihlulwe yinkampani ngaphambi kokukhula. Inkampani iya kubiza okanye ihlenge iimbopheko ukuba inani lamanani liye lawa kakhulu njengoko bekhuphe isibophelelo. Ngokubiza umnqweno onomdla omkhulu, inkampani inokuhlaziya ityala ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Ibhondi yeComputer
Olunye uhlobo lwekhonkco luyibophelelo yeqebhekisi. Ezinye iintlobo zezintambo ezingentla zihluke ngumkhupha. Olu hlobo lwebhondi lukhutshwa ngamaqela amaninzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ahluke kakhulu kwiibhondi zendabuko, ndiyichithele.
Ubungqina bombononongo weZero, njengoko igama libonisa, ungahlawuleli umdla. Endaweni yoko, uthenge isibophelelo kwisaphulelo esinzulu kwaye usikhulule ngokubaluleka kobuso obupheleleyo.
Ngokomzekelo, ungathenga i-$ 1,000 ngexabiso lentengo kunye neminyaka eyi-10 ukukhula kwe-$ 700. Kwiminyaka elishumi, uya kukhulula i-bond ye $ 1,000.
Isiphelo
Olu luhlu olubanzi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhonkco zenzelwe ukukunika nje oko-umboniso. Iibhonki zibalulekile kuzo zonke iipotfoliyo. Ukuqonda ukuba bakuphi kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo isinyathelo sokuqala sokubavumela ukuba basebenzele wena.