Ngaba Imigaqo Igcina Imali Yakho Ikhuselekile?
Ngama-1980, urhulumente wesigqeba waqalisa ukurhoxisa . Kwafuna ukuvumela iibhanki zase-US ukuba zibe namandla kumashishini abaphangaleleyo. Oko kwakha ingxaki enkulu. Amazwe angaphandle abeka iimbopheleleko zemithetho yebhanki yase-US yeengxaki zemali ka - 2008 .
NgoNovemba 2008 i- G-20 ibizwa eWashington ukwandisa ukulawulwa kweemali ze- hedge kunye nezinye iifenki zemali. Ngelo xesha, kwakungasekho kakhulu.
UMthetho weDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act
Ngo-2010, uSeninkulu uFrank Dodd kunye neCongressman Barney Frank ekugqibeleni baphakamisa ukulungiswa kwebhanki . Isenzo sabo sidinga ukuba amabhanki akhulise umthamo wabo omkhulu . Inika i-Federal Reserve igunya lokuhlula iibhanki ezinkulu ukuze "zingabi nakakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli ." Iphelisa iinqununu zeengxowa zemali, iziphumo kunye nabathengi bemali. "I- Volcker Rule " ivimbela iibhanki zaseWall Street ukuba zifumane iimali zentambo okanye zisetyenziselwe iimali ze-investors ukuze zenze iirhweba zorhwebo ngenzuzo yazo.
U-Dodd-Frank wamisela i- Arhente yeMali yokuThengwa kwezeMali phantsi kweSebe le- US Treasury . Oku kunika ilungelo lokulawula ibhanki kunye nokukwazi ukugqithisa imimiselo yomgaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela uluntu. Kwakhona iphakamisa i-arhente elizimeleyo negunya lokuphonononga ingozi echanekileyo yokuchaphazela yonke imboni yemali.
Iyanciphisa ukuhlawula okulawulayo ngokunika abanini-zimali ithuba lokuvota. I-Arhente yayiphakanyisiwe okokuqala ngo-2009. I-lobby lobby yathintele. Ngaphezulu, jonga iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act .
Imimiselo ngo-2013
Ngomhla ka-2013, i- Federal Reserve yafuna iibhanki ezinkulu ukuba zongeze ixabiso lempahla yamanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba bafuna iimpahla, njenge-Treasurys kunye nezinye iibhondi ezixhaswa nguRhulumente, banokuzithengisa ngokukhawuleza imali xa kukho enye inkathazo yezemali.
Olu lwakhiwo olongezelelweyo lunefuthe elinye. Iibhanki ezingama-25 ezinkulu zikhulise ukugcinwa kwazo kwezi zibophelelo ngamaphesenti angama-88 phakathi koFebruwari 2013 noFebruwari 2015. Oko kwanyusa izivuno kwixesha elide loNondyebo, nangona uqoqosho lwaluphucula kwaye i-market market. Ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nendlela oku kusebenza ngayo, jonga njani iibhanki zithinta njani i-Stock Market?
I-requirment ye-Fed yanciphisa ukuthengiswa kwemali kwi-market bond. Iibhanki ezininzi zibanjelwe kwizibophelelo endaweni yokuthenga nokuthengisa. Oko kwakwenza kube nzima ukufumana abathengi xa kuyimfuneko. Ukwehla kwamanzi okunciphisa okunje kunokuba negalelo ekugqibeleni ukutshatyalaliswa kwezabelo ngo-2014. Umgaqo-nkqubo we-Fed ungenza i- market bond yebhondi iweleke ngakumbi. Ngeli xesha, kunciphisa amathuba okubhankanya ethile. (Umthombo: "Ukuvalelwa kwitalato," I-Wall Street Journal, ngoMeyi 11, 2015.)
Ngaba iMimiselo iya kuthintela enye intlekele?
Le migaqo yayiya kuthintela ukungaphumeleli njengoLehman Brothers ekubanjeni uqoqosho kunye noorhulumente. Bakhusela abathengi kwi-mortgage engekho emthethweni kunye nekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala.
Imimiselo ayikwazi ukunqanda uhlobo olutsha olwenza iimveliso ezinjenge- swaps default swaps . Amashishini enza imveliso enenzuzo kwiindawo ezingalindelekanga.
Abalawuli abakwaziyo, kwaye akufanelekanga, bayeke oku kutsha. Kuye kubantu ngabanye ukwazisa ngokwabo kwaye bahlale beqaphile xa benza izigqibo zemali. (Umthombo: "Uhlaziyo lwezeMali," i-Economist, ngo-Juni 17, 2009.)
Ngaba U-Obama Ufanele Ayenze Kakhulu?
Ngomkhankaso wakhe we- 2008 , uBarack Obama wathembisa imimiselo engqongqo kumashishini angaphandle. Wayefuna ukuhlengahlengisa ii-arhente ezilawulayo, ingakumbi ezo zijongene neebhanki eziboleka kurhulumente. Wayefuna ukuseka iqela leengcebiso zeemarike zezemarike, ukuphucula ubala ngokudalulwa kwezemali, kunye nokuchithwa kwimisebenzi yokurhweba eyayingasebenzisa iimarike.
Emva kokuba ukhethwe, uMongameli uBabha wabeka ndawonye iqela lezoqoqosho elisekela imithetho eminyeneyo. U-Obama wakhetha uSihlalo we-Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker ukuba aqhube phambili kwiqela lakhe leNgcaciso yezoQoqosho.
I-Volcker yathintela ubunzima bezoqoqosho kwi-sectorally financial management. Ungummeli owaziwayo wezithintelo ezinzima.
IKhomishoni yezoThutho kunye noTshintsho kwiziko lemimiselo yezemali. UMongameli Obama wamisa uMary Schapiro njengesihlalo. Wayengomnye ummeli wolawulo olwandisiweyo. Enye yezinto zokuqala azenzileyo kukunyusa imigaqo kwi-SEC ngokwayo.
I-Federal Reserve ithathe ulawulo lweenkampani ezikhulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli , njenge- American International Group Inc. ISebe leNkampani ye-Intshurensi ye-Deposit ilawulwa ukuhlaselwa phantsi kweebhanki zorhwebo ngaphambi kokuba zihambe. Kodwa ezi arhente azizange zihlanganise iingxowa-mali kunye nabathengi bemali.
Sarbanes-Oxley
Ngo-2002, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho weSarbanes-Oxley Act . Kwakuyimpendulo yokulawula kwi-scandals yenkampani e-Enron, i-WorldCom no-Arthur Anderson. I-Sarbanes-Oxley ifuna abaphathi abaphezulu ukuba baqinisekise ngokuqinisekileyo iakhawunti zenkampani. Ukuba ubuqhetseba bengafunyanwanga, aba baphathi banokujamelana nezohlwayo zobugebengu. Ngelo xesha, abaninzi babesaba ukuba lo mgaqo wawuya kubangela abaphathi abafanelekileyo ukuba bafune izikhundla eziphezulu.
I-Glass-Steagall Ukuphinda
Ngo-1999, iCongress yachithwa i- Glass-Steagall Act . Ukutshitshiswa kuvunyelwe iibhanki zorhwebo ukuba zityalomali kwiimali ezivela kwiimali kunye neengxowa zemali. Kwakhona kwavumela iibhanki zotyalo-mali ukuba zithathe iifomethi. Yayibonisa ukutshintsha ekuvumela ukuba i-marhwebo ilawulwe ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, iifemu ezinjengeCitigroup zityalomali kwi-swaps default default. Ezi feme zifuna iibhiliyoni kwiimali zokuxhaswa ngo-2008.