I-Volcker Rule Summary

Iindlela ezithandathu i-Volcker Rule ikhusela wena (kwaye kutheni amabhanki ayayithiyile)

Umthetho we- Volcker uvimbela amabhanki ekusebenziseni idizithi zamakhasimende ngenzuzo yabo. Abakwazi ukuzakhela, ukutshala imali, okanye ukuxhasa i- hedge funds , iimali ezizimeleyo zamashishini , okanye ezinye izinto zokurhweba ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Umgaqo wecandelo 619 we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act ka-2010 .

Iinjongo ezijoliswe ngaphambili kubhanki ezinkulu zokutshala imali, njengeGoldman Sachs noMorgan Stanley . Ezi mabhanki zaba ngamabhanki ezoshishino ngexesha leengxaki zemali ukwenzela ukuba banokubasebenzisa inzuzo yabasemali-ntlawulo.

Inokukhusela nokubeka iifowuni kwiibhanki ezinkulu zeentengiso , njengeJP Morgan Chase noCiti.

Ii-CEO zeBhanki kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zihambelana nomgaqo. Oku kusebenza kuwo wonke umntu phantsi komgca womyalelo. Wonke umsebenzi wasebhankini uvumelekile ngokomthetho kwaye yena uqobo uxanduva xa engathobeli.

I-Volcker Rule ivumela ukuhweba kwiimeko ezimbini. Okokuqala, iibhanki zorhwebo xa kubalulekile ukuqhuba ishishini labo. Ngokomzekelo, banokubandakanya ukurhweba kwemali ukucima imali yabo yangaphandle. Basenokungathengisa ukuhlawula umngcipheko wezinga lomyinge. Okwesibini, iibhanki zingathengisa egameni labo abathengi. Bangasebenzisa iimali zabaxhasi kuphela ngokuvunyelwa kwabaxumi. Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kuthetha ukuba ibhanki kufuneka ibe neyakhe "isikhumba emdlalweni." Kwimeko apho, iibhanki zingatyala imali engama-3 ekhulwini.

Ubume bangoku

Amabhanki afuneka ukuba ahambisane noMthetho we-Volcker ukususela ngoJulayi 21, 2015.

Kutheni kuthathe iminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba uDodd-Frank adlule? Kwakufuneka kusebenze ngoJulayi 2012, emva kweminyaka emibili yokuhlaziywa ngama-arhente karhulumente, amabhanki kunye noluntu. Kodwa i-lobbyists enkulu yebhanki yayililibazise. NgoDisemba 10, ngo-2013, ikhomishini ye-five-agency yavumile. Ngo-Apreli 2014, banike iibhanki ngonyaka ukulungiselela.

kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuba uDodd-Frank adlule.

Ulawulo lweTrump lufuna ukunciphisa ububanzi bomgaqo. Ngomhla ka-Juni 13, 2017, ingxelo yeSebe le-US Treasury licebise ukukhulula amabhanki angaphantsi kwezigidi ezi-10 zamaxabiso kwipahla. I-Congress iye yaxubusha ibhilikhwe kule mpawu. Kodwa iibhanki ezinkulu ziye zazingela ukutshintsha.

Amabhanki afuna inkululeko enkulu yokubandakanya kwiimveliso ezidlulileyo ezingaphantsi kweentsuku ezingama-60. Ngaphantsi koMgaqo, kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abathengi bayabathengi. Bafuna ukukhupha imali ephuma phesheya kwi-Rule. Amabhanki afuna inkululeko enkulu ekuthengiseni ukulawulwa kobutyebi babo.

Utshintsho lunokuvela kwikhomishana eyazalisekisa umthetho. Amalungu mathathu yiKhomishoni yoThutho kunye noTshintshiso , i- Federal Reserve , iKomishoni yokuThengiswa kweeNkcukacha zeMveliso, i- Federal Deposit kunye ne-Insurance Corporation , kunye ne-Ofisi yoMphathi weMali, isahlulo seSebe lezeMali. NgoFebruwari 2018, uSihlalo weSizwe waseGermany uJerome Powell uthe ikhomishini "ithathwa ngokutsha" kumgaqo.

Kutheni Kufuneka

I-Volcker Rule ifuna ukulungisa umonakalo owenziweyo xa iCongress ithintela i- Glass-Steagall Act . I-Glass-Steagall yayilula. Yahlukanisa ibhanki yotyalo-mali kwiibhanki zentengiso.

Ngaphansi kwe-Glass-Steagall, iibhanki zotyalo-mali ziqhutywe ngasese, iinkampani ezincinci ezancedisa iinkampani ukuphakamisa inkunzi ngokuya koluntu kwimarike yempahla okanye ukukhupha ityala. Baye bahlawulisa imali ephezulu, bahlala bancinci kwaye babengadingi ukulawulwa.

Iibhanki zorhwebo zazingxilisekanga, indawo ezikhuselekileyo apho abapostile bebeka khona imali yabo kwaye bafumane inzala encinane. Baya kuthatha imali mboleko kwiirhafu zomrhumo . Iibhanki zorhwebo zenza imali naphezu kweengcambu zengeniso elincinci ngenxa yokuba zinokufikelela kwiinkatho kunye neenkunzi ezininzi kwiimali ze-depositors.

Amabhanki afuna ukuphelisa i-Glass-Steagall ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukukhuphisana ngamazwe ngamazwe. Iibhanki zentengiso, njengeCiti, zaqala ukurhweba kunye neziphumo ezifana neebhanki zotyalo-mali. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-CEO ziyakwazi ukubeka iindawo ezininzi zokugcinwa kwemali yokufaka imali ngaphandle kokumisela umgaqo wokukhathazeka.

Baya kwenza oko beyazi ukuba urhulumente wesigqeba akazange akhusele ibhanki yotyalo-mali kunye neebhanki zorhwebo. I-FDIC ikhutshwe iibhanki zebhanki. Amabhanki angabaleka imali ngexabiso elincinci kunabani na. Okubizwa ngokuba yi- Libor rate . Ziyizona nje iinwele ezingaphezulu kwezinga lemali elondliwe .

Le meko yanika iibhanki ngengalo yebhanki yokutyalomali ingeniso elifanelekileyo lokuncintisana ngokungapheliyo kwiibhanki zoluntu kunye neemanyano zemboleko. Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki ezinkulu zazithenga zincinci kwaye zaba ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli . Yilapho ukungaphumeleli kwebhanki kuyonakalisa uqoqosho. Ibhanki enkulu-yehlulekayo kuya kufuneka ukuba ikhutshwe ngezimali kunye nabakhokhwa bahlawuli berhafu. Oko kwongezelela enye inzuzo. Iibhanki zazi ukuba urhulumente wephondo uza kubakhokelela ukuba kukho into engafanelekanga.

Amabhanki abenabarhafi berhafu njengokhuseleko lomhlaba njengabakhonkco zombini kunye nomthombo wemali yokuxhaswa. Oku kuthiwa yingozi yokuziphatha. Ukuba izinto zihamba kakuhle, abaphathi bebhanki kunye nabaphathi baphumelele. Ukuba abazange, abahlawuli berhafu balahleka.

Impembelelo kwiBhanki

Amabhanki angalahlekelwa yi-$ 10 yezigidigidi kwinzuzo, ngokwe-Standard & Poor's. Ukuphendula kwi-Volcker Rule, i-Goldman Sachs yanciphise ingozi yokuthatha ingozi ngo-2011. Yilapho ivalwe i-Goldman Sachs Principal Strategies, isahlulo esithengisa ama-equity, kunye neDiskiti yokuThengiswa kweeMveliso ze-Global Macro, ezenza ukuba kube neengozi zokuhweba kunye nezibophelelo, zemali kunye nezinto eziphathekayo .

I-Goldman yanciphise utyalo-mali kwi-equity equity and curric funds ukuya kuma-3 ekhulwini okanye ngaphantsi kwe-fund nganye. Oku kulungile kuba utyalo-mali lubangela ukulahleka kwekota yesibini ye-Goldman ukususela koluntu ngo-1999.

Izindlela Ezi-6 Ezikuchaphazelayo

I-Volcker Rule ikuchaphazela ngale ndlela ezintandathu:

1. Iifowuni zakho zikhuselekile kuba iibhanki azikwazi ukuzithabathela.
2. Akuncinci ukuba iibhanki ziza kufuna enye imali engamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-700.
3. Iibhanki ezinkulu aziyi kuphinda zikwazi ukusebenzisa i-hedge funds eyingozi ukuphucula inzuzo yabo.
4. Ibhanki yakho yoluntu yasekuhlaleni inamathuba angcono okuphumelela kwaye ayithengi ngebhanki enkulu. Iibhanki zoluntu zinokuthi zininzi kuneebhanki ezinkulu ukuboleka amashishini amancinci.
5. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uvuke kusasa kusasa uze ubone ukuba inkampani efana neLehman Brothers iphumelele.
6. Ubuncinane amabhanki angama-35 asejele. Kodwa ayikho na i-CEO yeebhanki ezinkulu kunetyala.

Ngubani umyalelo we-Volcker othiwa emva koko

I-Volcker Rule iphakanyiswe nguSihlalo waseFred Reserve owayenguSihlalo uPoland Volcker . Ngelo xesha, wayengumongameli wePanethi ye-2009-2011 yeengcebiso zezoqoqosho. Xa i-Volcker yayidla uMongameli, unika isibindi ukuphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali kwiimilinganiselo ezingakhawuleziyo zokulamba indlala yamanani amabini. Nangona oku kunceda ukuba u- 1980-1981 uhlawulele umnotho , waphumelela.