Lo Mthetho we-1933 wawuya kuthintela iCrisis Crisis
I-Glass-Steagall yahlula ukwabiwa kwebhanki kwi- banking yokuthengisa .
Iibhanki zotyalo-mali ziququzelele ukuthengiswa kokuqala kwee- stocks , ezibizwa ngokuba ngumnikelo wokuqala woluntu . Baququzelela ukuhlanganisana kunye nokufumana. Abaninzi babo babesebenza ngemali yabo . Iibhanki zorhwebo zithatha iifom, zilawula ukujonga i-akhawunti kwaye zenze iimboleko.
Kwadlula nini?
I-Glass-Steagall yadluliselwa yiNdlu yabameli ngoMeyi 23, 1933. Yadluliselwa yiSenate ngoMeyi 25, 1933. Yayisayinwa ngumthetho nguMongameli Roosevelt ngoJuni 16, 1933. Kwakuyindawo eyayiyingxenye ye- FDR yakhe entsha Yenza . Kwakuba ngumlinganiselo osisigxina ngo-1945.
Injongo
I-Glass-Steagall yayiyimpendulo yongxamiseko yokungaphumeleli kweebhanki ezi-5,000 ngexesha lokuPhukisa okukhulu . Ngowe-1933, zonke iibhanki zase-US zivaliwe iintsuku ezine. Xa bavulwa kwakhona, bazinike iisenti ezili-10 kwiedola nganye. Yaya phi imali? Iibhanki ezininzi zatyala imali kwimarike yemasheya, eyaphupha ngo-1929 . Xa ama-depositors 'afunyenwe, bonke baphuthuma kwiibhanki zabo ukuba bahoxise iifomiti zabo.
Iibhanki ezivakalayo zihlala zigcina enye yeshumi yeepositi ngesandla. Baya kuboleka abanye ngenxa yokuba bayazi ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo konke okufunekayo ukuba bahlale behlala ukuze bahlale bevuya. Kuqhutywe ibhanki, kufuneka bafumane ngokukhawuleza imali. Namhlanje, akudingeki sikhathazeke malunga nokuqhutywa kwebhanki kuba i-FDIC iqinisekisa zonke iiphozithi.
Ekubeni abantu bayazi ukuba baya kuphinda bafumane imali yabo, abavumi ukwesaba nokudala ibhanki. Ngaphandle kwelo xesha iWashington Mutual ivaliwe ngo-2008. Abaxhomekeke kwi-depositors badala ibhanki ngenxa yokuba abazange bacinge ukuba bavikelekile yi-FDIC.
Ukuphinda
NgoNovemba 12, 1999, uMongameli uClinton wasayina uMthetho weMimiselo yoLungiso lweeNkonzo zezeMali owasusa iGrail-Steagall. I-Congress yayidlulise loo nto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act kunye nemigca yeqela, ekhokelwa yivoti yaseRiphabhliki kwi-Senate. Icandelo lebhanki liye lafuna ukuchithwa kwe-Glass-Steagall ukususela kuma-1980. Bakhalaza ukuba abanakho ukukhuphisana namafenki angaphandle angaphandle. Iibhanki zithi zibavimbela ukuba zibe nezobungozi eziphantsi kobungozi. Babefuna ukwandisa ukubuya ngexesha behlisa ingozi kubathengi babo ngokujongana nezoshishino zabo.
Umxhamli wokuqala wayeyiCitigroup. Kwakuqalisile ukudibanisa intetho kunye nabahamba nge-inshurensi ngokulindeleka kwe-Glass-Steagall yokutshitshiswa. Ngomnyaka we-1998, kwazisa ukuhlanganiswa ngempumelelo phantsi kwenkampani entsha ebizwa ngeCitigroup. Ukuhamba kwayo kwakuyi-audition, ngenxa yokuba yayingekho mthethweni ngokomthetho. Kodwa iibhanki zazisetyenziselwa ukunyusa i-Glass-Steagall ukususela ekulawuleni kweReagan . Ngethuba ixesha isenzo sachithwa, sasingenasiphelo.
Ukutshitshiswa kwe-Glass-Steagall utyalo-mali oluhlanganisiweyo kunye neebhanki zentengiso ngeenkampani zokubamba imali. I-Federal Reserve ijongene namaziko amatsha. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, iibhanki ezimbalwa zasebenzisa i-Glass-Steagall yokutshitshiswa. Iibhanki ezininzi zeeWall Street azifuni ukunyuswa okongeziweyo kunye neemfuno ezinkulu.
Abo benzayo baba mkhulu kakhulu ukuba bangaphumeleli . Oku kufuneke ukukhutshwa kwabo ngemali ngo-2008-2009 ukuphepha enye inkxwaleko.
Ngaba i-Glass-Steagall ifakwe kwakhona?
Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Glass-Steagall kuya kuba ngcono ukukhusela iifowuni. Ngelo xesha, kuya kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwintlangano kwishishini lebhankini. Oku kunokuba yinto entle, njengoko ezi mabhanki aziyi kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli, kodwa kufuneka zilawulwe ngempumelelo.
Imizamo yeCongress yokubuyisela i-Glass-Steagall ayiphumelelanga.
Ngo-2011, i-HR 1489 yaziswa ukuba ichithe uMthetho we-Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act iphinde ibuyisele i-Glass-Steagall. Ukuba le migudu yaba yimpumelelo, yayiza kubangela ukulungiswa ngokubanzi kwoshishino lwebhanki. Iibhanki ezinkulu ziquka iibhanki zoshishino kunye nokuhlukana kweebhanki, ukufana ne-Citibank, kunye neebhanki zotyalo-mali kunye nokuhlukana kweebhanki zentengiso, njengeGoldman Sachs.
Iibhanki zithi ukubuyisela i-Glass-Steagall kuya kwenza ukuba bancinci ukuba bancintisane kwizinga lonke. Umthetho weDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform wenziwa.
Inxalenye yoMthetho, eyaziwa ngokuthi yiVolcker Rule , ibeka imingcipheko kwiibhanki ukukwazi ukusebenzisa imali yokubeka imali kwiindawo zokutshala imali. Akufuneki ukuba batshintshe isakhiwo sabo senhlangano. Ukuba ibhanki iba enkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli kwaye isongela uqoqosho lwase-US, iDodd-Frank idinga ukuba ilawulwe ngokubanzi kufuphi ne-Federal Reserve.