Indlela eSebenza ngayo nendlela echaphazela ngayo uqoqosho lwe-US
Okokuqala, ezi bhanki zinika abathengi abathengi ukuthenga amakhaya, iimoto kunye nefenitshala. Ezi ziquka iimali zokuthenga , iimali-mboleko zemali kunye namakhadi-mboleko . Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yabathengi kuqhuba malunga nama-70 ekhulwini loqoqosho lwe-US. Banikezela ngokungekho ngaphezulu koqoqosho kulo ndlela.
Ikhredithi ivumela abantu ukuba bachithe imali ezayo ngoku. Iibhanki zentengiso nazo zinikela ngemali mboleko yamashishini amancinci kumashishini . Ezi nkampani ezincinci zidala ukuya kuma-65 ekhulwini yazo yonke imisebenzi emitsha njengoko ikhula.
Okwesibini, iibhanki zentengiso zinika indawo ekhuselekileyo yokuba abantu bafake imali yabo. I-akhawunti yokulondoloza, izatifikethi zediphozithi kunye nezinye iimveliso zemali zinikeza izinga elingcono lokubuyisela xa kuthelekiswa nokufaka imali yabo phantsi kweemitha. Amabhanki asekela amazinga abo anomdla kwizinga lezimali zeFum kunye neerhafu zentengo yesondlo. Yingakho aphakama awele ngexesha. I- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation iyaqinisekisa ezininzi zezi ntlawulo.
Okwesithathu, iibhanki zentengiso zikuvumela ukuba ulawule imali yakho ngokujonga iakhawunti kunye namakhadi e-debit. Oko kuthetha ukuba akudingeki wenze yonke intsebenziswano kunye neebhilidi zeedola kunye neengqekembe. Konke oku kunokwenziwa kwi-intanethi, okwenza kube lula.
Iintlobo zeeRhwebo zeBhanki
Uninzi lweebhanki ezinkulu zaseMelika zinamaqela asebhanki.
Ezi ziquka iBhanki yeMerika, uJP Morgan Chase, u-Wells Fargo noCitigroup. Iibhanki yokuThengisa ifikelela kuma- 50-60 ekhulwini yale mali yebhanki .
Kukho amaninzi amabhanki asekuhlaleni. Bajolise ekwakheni ubudlelwane nabantu kwiidolophu zabo, iidolophu kunye nemimandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo banokuba ngaphantsi kweebhiliyoni ezili-1 kwiimpahla ezipheleleyo .
Imanyano yeenkontileka yinto enye yebhanki yokuthengisa. Ziyekezela iinkonzo kubasebenzi beenkampani okanye izikolo. Basebenza njengengeniso. Oko kuthetha ukuba banokunikela ngemigqaliselo engcono kubasindisi nabbolekayo ngenxa yokuba bengabhekiseli kwinzuzo njengamabhanki amakhulu.
Ukugcinwa kunye nokubolekwa kweebhanki ngamabhanki athengisa iinjongo zokugcina imali. Ziye zaphantse zinyamalale ukususela ngo- 1989 Ingxaki yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mali .
Ekugqibeleni, ibhanki ye-Sharia iyahambelana nokuchaswa kwamaSilayina kumanani enzala. Ngoko abolekayo babelana ngeenzuzo zabo kwibhanki endaweni yokuhlawula umdla. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wawunceda amabhanki aseSilamni ukuba aphephe ingxaki yemali ka-2008 Abazange batyalomali kwiimveliso eziyingozi. Ezi mabhanki azinako ukutyalomali kwintengiso yotywala, icuba kunye nokugembula. (Umthombo: "Ukwabelana engozini kunye nomvuzo," iMali Yehlabathi, ngo-Juni 1, 2008. "Imali yamaSulumane ibona ukukhula okubonakalayo," i-International Herald Tribune, ngoNovemba 05, 2007)
Iinjongo zeBhanki zeRetail
Iibhanki zorhwebo zisebenzisa iifom yeimali-mali zokunika imali. Benza imali ngokuhlawula ixabiso lentengo ephezulu kwimali-mboleko kunokuba bahlawula imali.
I- Federal Reserve , ibhanki enkulu yelizwe , ilawula amabhanki amaninzi. Ngaphandle kweebhanki ezincinci, kufuna ukuba zonke iibhanki zihlale zijikeleze iipesenti ezili-10 zazo ezigcinwe kuyo ubusuku bonke.
Bakhululekile ukuboleka abanye. Ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye, iibhanki ezingaphantsi kweemfuno ze-Fed zokuboleka ezivela kwezinye iibhanki ukuba zenze i-shortfall. Le mali ebolekwa kuthiwa yimali ekhuthaziweyo .
Indlela abachaphazela ngayo uqoqosho lwe-US kunye nawe
Iibhanki zorhwebo zidala ukubonelela ngemali kwizoqoqosho. Ekubeni i-Fed kuphela idinga ukuba igcine iipesenti ezili-10 zeepositi ngesandla, ziboleke imali engama-90 ekhulwini. Idola nganye ihlawulwe iya kwi-akhawunti yebhanki yomboleki. Le bhanki ihlawulisa imali engama-90 yile mali, eya kwelinye i-akhawunti yebhanki. Yileyo ndlela ibhanki idala i-dollar 9 kuyo yonke idola oyifakayo.
Njengoko unokucinga, esi sixhobo esinamandla sokwanda kwezoqoqosho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo, i-Fed ilawula oku ngokunjalo. Ibeka ibhanki yerhafu yomdla ukuba ibole imali ngemali.
Oku kubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo weemali . Leyo yenzalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ngoba? Amabhanki abeka onke amaxabiso enzala kulo. Ukuba isamba semali seFed sinyuka phezulu, kunjalo ke zonke ezinye iirhafu.
Iibhanki ezininzi zentengiso zithengisa iimali zokubolekwa kwiibhanki ezinkulu kwiimarike zesekondari. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba babe ne-deposits enkulu, babesindiswa ngokukodwa kwi- crisis bank bank 2007 .
Imbali yeBhanki yeRetail
Ngaphambi kwee-1980, iibhanki zazilawulwa kakhulu. Eninzi yale nto yavela ngokuphendula kwi-crash market ye-1929. Ngama-1930, uMthetho we- Glass-Steagall wawungavumeli ibhanki yokuthengisa ngokusebenzisa idizithi ukuze kuxhaswe ukuthengwa kwemakethi ye-stock risk.
Ibhanki nayo ayikwazanga ukusebenza kuyo yonke imigangatho karhulumente. Iibhanki zentengiso zazingenakusebenzisa imali yazo yokubeka imali kwiimali-mali ngaphandle kokuboleka. Babesoloko bengakwazi ukuphakamisa amaxabiso enzala. Ngee-1970, ezi mabhanki zalahlekelwa ishishini njengexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ebenzi-ntengiso, abathengi banqumla imali. Iibhanki zentengiso zerhafu zerhafu azizange zanele umvuzo wabantu ukuba basindise. Amabhanki amemeza kwiNgqungquthela yokutyunjwa .
I-1980 i-Depository Institutions Ukunyuswa kweMithetho kunye noMthetho woLawulo lweMali kwavumela iibhanki ukuba zisebenze kummandla welizwe. Iibhanki ezinkulu zaqala ukukhwela ezincinane. Ngo-1998, iBhanki yezizwe zathengi iBan of America ukuba yi-bhanki yokuqala yelizwe. Ezinye iibhanki zilandela ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlanganiswa kwadala iinqununu ezine zebhanki ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
Kwakhona kwavumela iibhanki ukuba zikhulise umlinganiselo wenzalo kwidiphozi kunye nemboleko. Enyanisweni, inqamle imingcele yombuso kwizinga lentengo. Amabhanki ayengasadingeki ukuba aqondise inxalenye yemali yawo kumashishini athile, njengemali yokuhlala ekhaya. Basenokuthi basebenzise imali yabo kwiindawo ezininzi zemali-mboleko, kubandakanywa utyalo-mali.
I-Fed iyanciphisa iimfuno zayo zokugcina. Oko kwanika ibhanki imali engaphezulu yokuboleka, kodwa kwandisa ingozi. Ukuhlawulela iifomiti, i- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation yaphakamisa umda wayo ukusuka kwii-40,000 zamawaka ukuya kwi-100,000 yokugcina imali. (Umthombo: "Ushishino lwezeMali kwiMinyaka yee-1980," iBhanki yaseGuinea Reserve, i- Perspectives yezoQoqosho, uMqulu 9, uNombolo kaSeptemba / Oktobha, ngo-1985.)
Ngowe-1982, uMongameli uRagag wasayina iGarn-St. I-Germain Depository Act. Ikhuphe imithintelo kwimilinganiselo yemali-mboleko kwixabiso leebhanki kunye neebhanki. Kwakhona kwavumela le mabhanki ukuba atyathele kwiindawo zokungena kwiindawo eziyingozi. Ngowe-1995, ngaphezu kwesahlulo sabo behlulekile. Ingxaki yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mboleko ixabisa i-$ 160 billion.
Ngo-1999, uMthetho we-Gramm-Leach-Bliley wawususa iGlasi-Steagall. Yavumela iibhanki ukuba zityalole nakwiimveliso ezikhuselekileyo. Bathembisa ukuba bazithintela kwii- securities . Oku kwaza kwahlula iiphothifoliyo zabo kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi. Kodwa njengoko ukhuphiswano lwandisiwe, kunye neebhanki zemveli zityalomali kwiimveliso eziyingozi ukunyusa inzuzo kunye nexabiso lesabelo sabanikazi.
Lo mngcipheko wonakalisa ezininzi iibhanki ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka-2008. Oku kwatshintsha utshintsho lwebhanki kwakhona. Ukulahlekelwa kwizinto ezivela kwiimveliso zinyanzele iibhanki ezininzi ngaphandle kweshishini. Ngo-2010, uMongameli Obama wasayina uMthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act . Ithintela ibhanki ekusebenziseni iimali zokufaka imali kwiimali zazo. Kwaye kwafuneka bathengise nayiphi na imali eyayibekho. Kwakhona ifuna ibhanki ukuba iqinisekise ingeniso yabboleki ukuba iqinisekise ukuba inakho ukuthenga iimboleko.
Zonke ezi zinto zongeziweyo ziphoqelelwe ibhanki ukunciphisa iindleko. Bavale iibhanki zamasebe asemazantsi. Baxhomekeke ngakumbi kwi-ATM kunye nabancinci kubaxeli. Bajolise kwiinkonzo zabasebenzi kwixabiso eliphezulu labathengi, kwaye baqala ukuhlawula imali engaphezulu kwabanye abantu. (Umthombo: "Imbali emfutshane ye-Retail Banking," i-Wall Street Journal, Septemba 17, 2017.)