Ufunda malunga nentuthuko kwi-biotechnology imihla ngemihla kwiphephandaba, kwaye uva ngeTV, kodwa ngezinye ixesha inzululwazi iyinto encinane kwintloko yakho. Gxuma ngolwazi lwakho ngeenkcazo kwezinye zezinto eziqhelekileyo ze-biotechnology ukuze kukuncede uqonde ezinye zeendaba zokugqibela zokuphula.
01 Ziziphi i-Enzymes?
Ukuguqulwa kwama-genetic kuma-enzyme ngokusebenzisa iindlela zobunjineli beprotein ezifana ne-mutagenesis eqondiswe kwi-site kunye ne-DNA ukuxubusha kuye kwavumela oososayensi ukuba baqinise iipropthi ze-enzymes ezithile phantsi kweemeko ezithile zoshishino ezifana nokushisa okugqithiseleyo okanye i-pH, okanye nokuba khona kweekhemikhali ezinzima.
02 Yintoni i-GMO emelayo?
I-GMO imele iphilayo yendalo. Oku kubhekisela kwiibhaktheriya okanye ezinye ii-microorganisms, okanye iindidi ezininzi zezilwanyana ezifana nezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ezenziwe ngobunjineli.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-GMO iveliswa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokusebenzisa i- gene njengeendlela zokwethula i-gene engezona izityalo zibe yinto entsha "yokuvuselela". Umzekelo wale ndlela ukuqaliswa kwezityalo zezilwanyana ezibulala izidalwa zepilisi kwizityalo ezingezizo izityalo, ukukhuthaza ukunyanzeliswa kwezinambuzane nokunciphisa imfuno yeeptictic pesticides.
Kukho izicelo ezininzi ze-GMO kwi-biotech industry. Nangona kunjalo, bavame ukujongwa njengongqamngqamene nokuphikisana kwamaninzi kunye noluntu olujikeleza ukusetyenziswa kwabo kokutya, iziyobisi kunye nezinye iimveliso zorhwebo.
03 Yintoni iClone?
Kwi-biotechnology, enye intsingiselo yegama elithi "clone" nayiphi na into ephilileyo (okanye ukuveliswa komzimba onjalo) kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ezifana nemeko yomzali evela kuyo.
Intsingiselo yesibini ibhekisela kwi-DNA ye-clon, okanye isenzo sokudala iikopi zomntu ngamnye, ukubonakalisa kwindwendwe yangaphandle, ekhokelela kwisizukulwana se-replica macromolecules (i-DNA, i-RNA, i-proteins).
04 I-Buffers isebenza njani?
Izigulane zizisombululo ezinokukwazi ukumelana nokudibanisa kwamanani amancinci kunye / okanye i-hydroxide ions, okanye i-dilution, ngaphandle kwenguqu enkulu kwi-pH. Ziquka umxube we-asidi ebuthakathaka kunye ne-conjugate base base, okanye isiseko esingenamandla kunye ne-acid conjugate. Isenzo sokuxhatshazwa sisiphumo sobungakanani phakathi kwendidi ye-acid-base.
Amandla okuphucula ayenzekayo xa kwenzeka iinqununu zee-ase-base-base zikhoyo malunga namaqondo afanayo. Xa bekhona ngexabiso elilinganayo, i-buffer iya kunqanda ukuguqulwa kwe-pH kwinqanaba le-pKa (i-acid dissociation constant).
05 Kuthatha ixesha elide ukuthatha i-Patent?
Ukufumana i-patent yindlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela i-IP yakho. Ubude bexesha ukusuka ekufakeni i-patent ukuze kufumaneke imvume ngokuxhomekeka apho iifake isicelo khona. E-US, inkqubo ithatha ngokubanzi malunga ne-2 1/2 iminyaka. Ixesha lokuxhomekeka lixhomekeke ekubeni ngaba umhloli angayikwanga ibango ngokusekelwe kumalungelo angaphambili, kwaye ingaba isicelo esitsha sephepha lomenzi kufuneka senze izilungiso.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ixesha elipheleleyo elifunekayo lokufumana ilungelo lobunikazi lixhomekeka ngexesha elifunekayo lophando nophuhliso, ngaphambi kokufowunelwa, kwaye, kwimeko yamachiza amatsha, izifundo zeklinikhi, zonke ezithatha iminyaka eyi-10 +.
06 Kutheni Iimithi Ezintsha Ziyabiza?
Yonke inkqubo yokuzisa isiza esitsha kwiimarike ibandakanya iminyaka yophando lwezobhubhorha nophuhliso, izilingo zezilwanyana, ukuhlolwa koxilongo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, izilingo zamachiza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo kunye nefayili yokufakela i-patent, ithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10, ngoko lide ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba inkampani yezobisi iqale ukufumana nayiphi na imali yokuhlawula imali enokuthi ibe yimali yezigidi zeedola. Ngokucacileyo, inkampani kufuneka ibuyise enye yezolimo, ngoko ke iindleko zidluliselwa kubathengi.
07 Ziziphi Iingxaki Zokwenziwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo?
Phakathi ne-1800, inkqubo yokunyusa i-pasteurization yachazwa nguLouis Pasteur, owathola ukuba izisombululo zokufudumala kumaqondo athile athatywayo ziya kunciphisa inani lokungcolisa i-microorganisms live. Olu phando lwabeka umgaqo wokuphuhliswa kwama-autoclaves anamhlanje: Izixhobo apho izisombululo kunye nezixhobo ezomileyo zitshiswa phantsi kwengxinzelelo, ukuba inzalo. Izinto ziphatheka ngokukhawuleza, ngokuqhelekileyo zibe malunga no-121 degrees Celsius, phantsi kwengcinezelo ye-15 psi. Umxinzelelo ophezulu uvimbela uketshezi ekubileni, ngaloo ndlela ukuvumela ukuba amaqondo aphezulu afudumele ukuba asuse amaninzi amaninzi.
08 Yintoni i-Bioremediation?
Ukulungiswa kukubuyiselwa komhlaba ongcolileyo, umoya okanye amanzi avela kummandla ongcolileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemvelo yinkqubo yokusebenzisa izilwanyana eziphilayo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsholongwane, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha izityalo) ukuqokelela, ukuguqula okanye (ngokuqhelekileyo) ukuhlaziyeza ukungcola kweekhemikhali.
Xa izityalo zisetyenzisiweyo, le nkqubo ibhekiselwa kuyo njenge-phytoremediation. I-Phytoextraction yindlela apho izityalo zisetyenziselwa ukuhlaziywa izinto ezingekho phantsi kwezinto ezingekho phantsi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo izitye, ezisuswa kuloo mhlaba, ize zisuswe kwimeko ngexesha lokuvuna.
09 Iphi i-Stem Cells evela?
Umthombo owaziwayo kakhulu wee-stem cells iimbumba zezilwanyana / izilwanyana, ukuphikisana nokucatshungulwa kweseli yecala esekelwe kwi-bioethics kunye nombono wokuba ubomi buqala ngokukhulelwa. Ngoku kuyaziwa ukuba iifom ze-stem nazo ziyafumaneka kwi-placenta kunye ne-amniotic fluids, kunye neeseli ezinokuthi zifumaneke kwiiseli ezindala zesikhumba, igazi kunye nezinye iiscupu. Uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kweeseli ezinama-stem ezivela kwimithombo engekho emamrynari iye yafumana ingqwalasela engakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko izazinzulu kumazwe athile, ngakumbi i-US, ziphoqeleka ukuba zifune ukwamkelwa obala, iindlela zokuziphatha.
Iphi apho iiNkampani zoLwabiwo-mali zifumana iziGulana zoMilingo?
Uvavanyo lwezonyango kwizifundo zabantu luyinyathelo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwamachiza amatsha kwaye uncede ukuvavanya kokubili ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Kwiimvavanyo ezininzi zamachiza ezintsha, izifundo ezithandwayo zokuzivolontiya ziyafuneka kwaye zihlala zihlawulwa, ukuya kuma-$ 10,000 ngokuthatha inxaxheba, kuxhomekeke kwimingcipheko. Abantu abanomdla wokuba zifundo zovavanyo zikwazi ukufikelela uluhlu lwezilingo ezizayo kwiilwimi okanye zingaphanda iinkqubo zophando kwiiyunivesithi ezizimeleyo kunye nezibhedlele zokufundisa.
Izigulane ezineemeko ezikhoyo ziyakwazi ukubhalisa kwizilingo zamachiza ngeenkqubo ezifana nezifundo ezinempilo okanye zingathunyelwa ngugqirha wazo.