Ithini i-Term GMO imele kwaye Kutheni Ingxaki Enjalo Ingxabano?
I-GMO imele iphilayo yendalo . Isichazamagama sinokusetyenziswa kwizityalo, izilwanyana okanye izilwanyana ezincinci, ngelixa i- genetically engineered microorganism ( GEM ) ibhekisela kuphela kwiibhaktheriya, isikhunta, imvubelo okanye ezinye ii-microorganisms.
Kwimeko zombini, nangona kunjalo, le migaqo ibhekisela kwisimo esiphilayo esenziwe ngokuguqulwa ngokwemizimba usebenzisa iindlela zokuvelisa i-moletics njenge-gene cloning kunye neprojekthi yunjineli yobunjineli.
I- GMO engapheliyo inokuveliswa ngeendlela zokwenza i-gene cloning apho i-gene engeyiyo eyomthonyama ifakwe kwaye ibonakaliswe kwimizimba emitsha. Iprotheni entsha iye yatshintshwa okanye yenziwe inguqu, ukuba ibonakaliswe ngokufanelekileyo kumphathi omtsha. Ngokukodwa, ulwahluko phakathi kwama-microorganism kunye neesunyuki zeesunyoti kufuneka zitshathwe, ezifana nobukho okanye ukungabikho kwamathumbu, ukuvela kwe-DNA methylation kunye nokuguqulwa kwamanye amatshintsho kwiprotheyini ngokwayo kwizothutho ezifanelekileyo ngaphakathi okanye phakathi kweeseli. Ukufika kwe- PCR kunye neendlela zokulandelelanisa i-gene ziye zavula umnyango kuzo zonke iintlobo zobuchule bokuxhaphaza ukuguqula isakhiwo seeprotheni ngokuguqula i-genetic.
Ukuqaliswa kweengqungquthela zebhaktheriya kwizivuno zemali, ukukhulisa ukukhula kwazo, ukufumana ukutya okunomsoco okanye ukuchasana nezilwanyana ezinambuzane, kuya kuba yindawo eqhelekileyo kwi-teknoloji yezityalo.
Omnye umzekelo owenziwe rhoqo kwiintloko zeziqulatho zezifo zengqungquthela kwizityalo, ukuphelisa imfuno yokusebenzisa i-pesticide. Ingxaki kule teknoloji yinkxalabo kawonke kawonkewonke ngenxa yemiphumo yokungenisa ezi zinambuzane. Iingxaki ezifana nalezi zinokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwendawo ethile ye-gene okanye ukulawulwa kwegama kwi-lifecycle.
Ngokomzekelo, kunokubangela ukukhathazeka okungaphantsi xa ukubonakalisa i-genetic pesticide kumagqabi ezityalo ezincinci kunokusetyenziswa ukukhusela amahlamvu ekutshatyalaliswa kwangaphambili, ngaphandle kokubonakalisa kwisiqhamo kamva kwimpilo.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwacetyiswa ukuba iindlela ezisandul 'ukuveliswa kwemvelo ziza kubangelwa i-GEMs, okanye "i-superbugs," ukuba ixhomekeke kwiimeko ezizimeleyo kwaye iphule ngokukhawuleza iikhemikhali ezidlulayo ezithintela iindawo zethu zokungcola kunye namagqabi. Imiba efana nendlela yokulawula ukusabalalisa kwezi ngxaki kunye nokukhusela ukukhushulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwathintela uphuhliso lwabo. Iziphakamiso ezininzi ziye zafakwa kwaye zavavanywa, ezivela kwiinkqubo zokufa kweeselingi eziya kubanini bee-bioindicators ukulandelela ukusabalala kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lokuzicoca namhlanje alinakukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo iteknoloji ekhoyo yokuphuhlisa ii-microorganisms ezinokushenxisa ngokukhawuleza ezinye zezinto ezinobungozi bezendalo ezinobungozi.
Naphezu kwemizamo yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemfuza, kukho ezininzi iimpendulo ezingaphendulwayo kunye nemiba ephakamayo kwaye imele indlela yokuwamkela ngokupheleleyo i-GMO kuluntu. Ukwesaba okungaziwa yinto ebangela ukuba abantu bangafuni ukusebenzisa ii-GMO kunye ne-GEMs.
Nangona kunjalo, le nkxalabo ifanelekile xa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho ityala elithile elibonisa ukuba ubugcisa buye buhamba kwaye bupapashwa ngokubanzi. Imizekelo yale miveliso ibangelwa ukuba ibhujiswe ngobuninzi bezilwanyana ezingekho phantsi kwezinto eziphathekayo ngokwemveliso okanye i-bioethical issues ejikeleze imibuzo yobunini bembewu emva kokuvuna isivuno, kunye nemiba ngeendleko zembewu kunye nokufumaneka kumafama.
Iingxabano malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-GMO ziquka ukukhutshwa kwezolimo, ukugxotha amafama amancinci ngokuphathelele ukuveliswa kwemveliso yesityalo kunye nangenxa yezomthetho ezizungeze i-IP kunye nobuni bembewu. Enye ingxabano kukuba amazwe angaphantsi kwamanye amazwe athuthukile aya kuba neengxaki ngelixa iindawo eziphuculweyo ziza kuthatha. Umzekelo walokhu kusetyenziselwa i- biotech sweeteners esikhundleni seemveliso zengcambu kwi-Third World.
Ukongezelela kwezi ngxabano, kukho izibango ezingenakubalwa zetyhefu kunye ne-carcinogenicity yokutya kwe-biotech, enokuthi okanye ayinakuqinisekiswa, kuxhomekeke kwimveliso nganye.
Abachasene nokusetyenziswa kwe-GMOs bachasene nokuveliswa kwemveliso yamachiza ngokusebenzisa izakhi zegesi ezincinci kwizityalo, okanye imveliso yokuvumba yemvubelo, ibhaktheriya okanye i-fungi. Nangona kunjalo, iingenelo zokusebenzisa le teknoloji, zinokuquka ukunciphisa iindleko zeziyobisi kunye nokufumaneka okukhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba iteknoloji isabelana ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isetyenziswe kwaye isetyenziselwa konke okulungileyo.
Ukukhonywa kwezilwanyana kubonakaliswe nzima kwaye kuyingozi. Iibhokhwe ezixhambileyo, izimvu okanye ezinye izilwanyana zifumana uluhlu olude lwezifo kunye neengxaki ezivame ukuphumela ekufeni kwangaphambili. Ukuchasana ngamandla kuzo zonke i-GMO, nangona kunjalo, akunakusekelwe ezi zinto zodwa. Ukufakelwa komzimba ongenamanye amazwe ukwenza isityalo se- transgenic , ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwesilwanyana esiza kuvuna kunye nokucocwa, kusemngciphekweni kakhulu kunokuba ikhonkco epheleleyo ikhuphe ngentliziyo yomntu ukuze ivunwe loo ntliziyo kwisifo somntu . Ngokufanayo, i-genetic pesticides kwizityalo zokutya kunokuthi ithathwa njengengozi kakhulu, njengoko inokuchaphazela inambuzane yabantu basekhaya kwaye ikhusele umlinganiselo wobume, okanye ichaphazele abantu abadlayo ukutya. Abacebisi ngokubhaliweyo okubhaliweyo kokutya okuqulethwe, okanye okuveliswayo usebenzisa ii-GMOs, bachaza iingozi ezivela kwii-toxins ezingaziwa okanye iziphumo ezingeniswa ngexesha lokuvelisa, njengesizathu sokulumkisa.
Kule mizekelo ingentla ye-GMO kunye nemiba ejikelezileyo, kukho nabanye abaninzi. Iminye yemizekelo eyahlukeneyo ye-GMO inesicelo esifanelekileyo nesiluncedo kwi-biotechnology. Imeko nganye iyingqayizivele kwaye ichaza uluhlu olutsha lwemiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ixubusha iingenelo ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko kunye neengozi ezichaphazelekayo kuloo mveliso.