Yintoni eyahlukileyo phakathi kwe-S & L kunye namanye amabhanki?
I-S & Ls yenza ukuba umnini-mhlaba afikeleleke ngokwandisa ixesha lemali-mboleko ukuya kwiminyaka engama-30. Oku kunciphisa iintlawulo zenyanga, kuphelisa isidingo sokuhlaziywa, kwaye ivumela iintsapho ukufumana amakhaya amakhulu. .
Imbali
Ngaphambi kokudakumba okukhulu , iimali zokubolekwa kwemali zaziyimali-mboleko yeminyaka emi-10 eya kufuneka ihlaziywe okanye ihlawulwe ngebhaloli enkulu. Ngowe-1935, i-10% yazo yonke imizi yase-US yayikubulela ngokucacileyo kule migudu enzima, kunye nokuhla kwezindlu. Ukumisa i-carnage, i- New Deal yenza ezi zinto zintathu:
- I-Corporation yeNgxowa-mboleko yeMnini-mboleko yasekhaya (i-HOLC) ithenge i-mortgages eyi-million yeebhanki ezitshintshileyo, iguqulwe kwixesha elide, i-mortgage rate rate esiyazi namhlanje, kwaye ibuyisele kwakhona.
- I- Federal Housing Administration (FHA) inikezele i-inshurensi yokuthenga.
- Umbutho we- Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) wadala imarike yesibini kwimali yokuthenga.
Kwakhona kwadala i-Savings kunye neMali-mboleko yokukhupha le mboleko. Olu tshintsho lwaluyiphendulekele kwintlekele yezoqoqosho, kodwa ikhulisa kakhulu umninikhaya wase-United States.
Ngomnyaka we-1944, ulawulo lwee-Veterans lwenza inkqubo yomshuwalense wokubambisa imali ehlawula iintlawulo. Oko kwakhuthaza iinqwelo zemfazwe ezaza ukuthenga amakhaya kwidolophu. Oko kwakwenza umsebenzi wezoqoqosho kwishishini lokwakha ikhaya.
Kuzo zonke ii-60s kunye nee-70s, phantse zonke i-mortgages zanikelwa nge-S & Ls.
Ndiyabulela kuzo zonke ezi nkqubo zenkxaso-mali, ukuhlaliswa kwezindlu kwavela kuma-43.6% ngo-1940 ukuya kuma-64% ngo-1980.
Ngomnyaka we-1973, uMongameli uNixon wadala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngokususa idoli yase-US ukusuka kumgangatho wegolide . I-S & L ayinakunomdla kwiirhafu ukuqhubeka kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngoko balahlekelwa iifomiti zabo kwiakhawunti yemarike yemali . Oko kwonakalisa inkunzi eyayifunekayo ukudala iimali eziphantsi kweendleko. I-S & L icele iCongress ukususa izithintelo.
Ngowe-1982, ulawulo lweReagan lwadlula iGarn-St. I-Germain Depository Act. Yavumela iibhanki ukuba zenze iirhafu zentengo kwimali yokugcina imali, zenze iimali-mboleko zentengiso kunye nabathengi , kunye nezilinganiso eziphantsi kwexabiso-mboleko . I-S & Ls inotyalwe kwi- real estate yangempela kunye neengxowa-mboleko zentengiso. Phakathi kuka-1982 no-1985, ezi zinto zanda ama-56%.
Ukuwa kwale mali kuholele ekusilekeni kwesiqingatha seebhanki zesizwe. Njengeebhanki zingaphantsi, i-inshurensi karhulumente kunye ne-Federal yaqalisa ukuphuma kwimali efunekayo yokubuyiselwa imali kwabemi. (Umthombo: uRichard K. Green kunye noSusan M. Wachter, "I-American Mortgage in History and International Context," iYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, ngoSeptemba 21, 2005)
Ngo-1989, iBhodi yoLawulo lweBush yokuqala yaqhankqalaza i-shishini kunye neNkqubo yezeMali yoLungiso, uLwaphulo, kunye noMthetho wokuQinisekisa ( FIRREA ).
Yanikezela i-$ 50 billion ukuvala iibhanki ezingaphumeleli. Yayisungula i-Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) ukuthengisa i-asethi yebhanki, isebenzise imali yokubuyisela kwakhona iifomiti. U-FIRRE wayenqatshelwe i-S & Ls ekwenzeni iimali-mboleko ezingozi. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga iNgcwaba yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mali .
Ukulondoloza kunye neMali kunye neNkqubela yeMali
Njengezinye iibhanki, i-Savings kunye neMali-mboleko inqatshelwe yi- Glass-Steagall Act ekutyalweni kwemali yabathengi kwiimarike zamasheya kunye nemisebenzi enobungozi obuphezulu ukufumana amazinga aphezulu okubuyela. Ulawulo lweClinton luphelile i-Glass-Steagall ukuvumela iibhanki zase-US ukuba zikhuphisane namanye amabhanki angamazwe angaphandle. Oku kwavumela iibhanki ukuba zisebenzise i-deposits eqinisekisiwe ye-FDIC ukutyalo kwiimveliso eziyingozi .
Eyona nto yathandwa kakhulu yiyo yokhuseleko lokuxhaswa ngemali . Iibhanki zathengisa imali yokutshintshela imali kuFannie Mae okanye uFreddie Mac , owathi ke wawaxhaphaza waza wabathengisela kwabanye abatyala-mali kumashishini asekondari .
Iingxowa ezininzi zeentambo kunye neebhanki ezinkulu zazithengiswa kwaye zazibuyisela kwakhona ngemali yesondlo . Baye baxhaswa nge-inshorensi ngokungagqibekanga nge-default swaps. Imfuno yezi ziqinisekiso zazininzi kakhulu kangangokuthi ibhanki yaqalisa ukuthengisa iimali zokuthenga kumntu nakumntu wonke.
Yonke yahamba kakuhle kwaze kwaba yilapho ixabiso lezindlu liqala ukuwa ngo-2006. Njengoko kuDlupheko, abanini bezindlu baqala ukusilela phantsi kwemali yabo yokuthenga imali, kwaye yonke imarike ephuma kwiimarike yawa. Ukufumana okunye, jonga u- Crisis Timpair Timeline 2008 .
Ukulondoloza kunye neMali namhlanje
Ngo-2013, kwakukho kuphela i-936 imali kunye neengxowa-mboleko, ngokwe-FDIC. Igosa elijongene nesiqingatha sabo. Namhlanje, i-S & L ifana nayo nayiphi enye ibhanki, ngenxa ye-FIRREA.
I-Washington Mutual yiyona nto ebalulekileyo yokugcina imali kunye neebhanki-mboleko ngonyaka ka-2008. Yayiphumelela imali ngexesha leengxaki zemali xa yayingeke ihlawule imali yokubolekwa kwemali kwiimarike zesekondari, eziye zawa. Xa uLehman Brothers behlehliswa, i-WaMu igxothayo. Bashiye iiRandi ezili-167 zeebhiliyoni kwiintsuku ezili-10 ezizayo. I-FDIC ithathe i-WaMu, kwaye iyithengisa ku-JPMorgan Chase, i-$ 1.9 yezigidigidi.