Iingxowa-mboleko zithinta njani uqoqosho lwe-US
Iintlobo
Uhlobo oluthandwayo lwemali yokubolekwa ngumyinge wemali-mboleko yeminyaka engama-30. Ukususela ngo-1999, imele i-70 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini kuwo wonke umntu. Imali- mboleko yeminyaka eyi-15 eyimali- mboleko iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi, njengoko ivumela abantu ukuba bahlawule ityala labo kwisiqingatha sexesha.
Amanqaku-mboleko ahlawulekayo anikezela ngenani lentlawulo ephantsi, kunye neentlawulo zenyanga nje kuneemali-mboleko ezilinganisiweyo. Ziza kuba zibiza kakhulu xa inani lamanani liphakama ukususela kwiminyaka engama-200 eneminyaka engama-200.
Ababolekisi be-Subprime benza i-mboleko yemali engenayo. Bakhangele abathengi ngokunikela ngexabiso elincinci "le-teaser" kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala. Ezi ziyingozi kubaboleki abatsha. Basenokungaqapheli ukuba intlawulo iphakame ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigaba sokuqala samnandi. Nazi ezinye zezona zithandwa kakhulu:
- Imali-mboleko kuphela-mboleko : Iintlawulo eziphantsi kakhulu ezingazange zinciphise inqununu kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala.
- Iimali mboleko ze-ARM : Ababoleki bakhetha ukuba kufuneka bahlawule kangakanani inyanga nganye kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala.
- Iimboleko zemali yokungabikho kwemali : Imali-mboleko yenzalo kuphela eyandisa inqununu inyanga nganye. oko kukuba ukuhlawula kwakungaphantsi kwenzalo.
- Imali-mboleko emiselweyo yezinga elide lokugqibela : Le minyaka engama-40 ukuya kuma-50 ubudala.
- Imali-mboleko ye-Ballo : Kumele ihlaziywe okanye ihlawulwe emva kweminyaka emi-5-7.
- Imali-mboleko engekho-mali : Lawa avumela umboleki ukuba athathe imali mboleko yokuhlawula imali.
Imbali
Ngaphambi kokudakumba okukhulu , iimali zokuhlala ekhaya zaziyimali-mboleko yeminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-10 kuphela kweepesenti ezingama-50 zexabiso lekhaya. Inqununu ibangelwe ukuhlawula ibhaluni ekupheleni kwekota. Ibhanki yayinobungozi.
Xa amaxabiso ezindlu awela kuma-25 ekhulwini ngexesha lokuPhukisa okukhulu, abanini bezindlu babengenakukwazi ukuhlawula ibhaluni.
Ibhanki ayiyi kuvumela ukuhlaziywa. Ngowe-1935, iipesenti ezili-10 zazo zonke izindlu zazingqonge.
Ukumisa umonakalo, uMongameli uRovelvelt utshintshe iinkalo ezinhlanu ezinxulumene nezindlu ezinjengeNxalenye entsha yeNkqubo :
- I-Corporation yeNyunithi yeMboleki yasekhaya yathengisa izigidigidi zeekhredithi ezilahlekileyo ezivela kwiibhanki. Yatshintshile ukuba ibe yiminyaka emide, i-mortgage rate rate esaziwayo namhlanje, kwaye ibuyisele kwakhona.
- I- Federal Housing Administration inikezele i-inshurensi yokubolekwa.
- I- Federal National Mortgage Association yenze imarike yesibini kwimali yokuthenga imali.
- I- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation inikwe iibhanki zebhanki.
- I-Glass-Steagall ivimbela iibhanki ekutyaleni imali yokubeka imali kwiimali zengxowa-mali kwimisebenzi enobungozi njengemarike yemasheya.
Olu tshintsho lwasabela kwintlekele yezoqoqosho. Azizange zenzelwe ukuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu. Nangona kunjalo, benza i-homeownership engabizi kakhulu. Bongezelela ixesha le mboleko. Ukunciphisa iindleko zenyanga kunye nokuphelisa isidingo sokuhlaziywa. Amabhanki axhaswa ngemali mboleko ngenxa yemali yebhanki ye-FDIC.
Ngomnyaka we-1944, iSebe leeMantshi kwiNkcazo ye-inshurensi ye-mortgage yanciphisa intlawulo. Yakhuthaza ukubuyela kwezilwanyana zemfazwe ukuthenga amakhaya akhiwe kumadlelo. Oko kwakwenza umsebenzi wezoqoqosho kwishishini lokwakha ikhaya.
Siyabulela kuzo zonke iinkqubo ze-federal, ubunikazi bezindlu babuvela kuma-43.6 ekhulwini ngo-1940 ukuya kuma-64 ekhulwini ngo-1980.
Urhulumente wenza umyalelo okhethekileyo ukudala amabhanki okonga kunye neebhanki ukukhupha le mboleko. Kuwo wonke ama-1960 kunye nee-1970, phantse zonke i-mortgages zanikezelwa ngokugcina imali kunye nokuboleka imali . Ezi bhanki zaphumelela kuba abantu babeka imali kwi-akhawunti yokulondoloza. Urhulumente waqinisekisa iifomethi, ngoko abantu basebenzisa i-akhawunti, nangona umdla owamkelayo wawuninzi. Oku kwalawulwa nguRhulumente. I-S & L zihlala zihlala zinenzuzo ngokuhlawula ixabiso lentlawulo ephantsi kwiifomethi ngaphezu kokuba zihlawulwe kwiimali zokubolekwa kwemali.
Ngama-1970, uMongameli uNixon wadala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuphunyukayo ngokunqanda zonke izibophelelo phakathi kweDola yaseMelika kunye nomgangatho wegolide . Amabhanki alahlekelwe iifomethi kuba ayengakwazi ukufanisa inzala ehlawulwe ngama- akhawunti yemarike yemali .
Oku kunciphisa imali eyayiyimfuneko yokukhupha imali.
Ukunceda ibhanki, iCongress yadlula iGarn-St. I-Germain Depository Act. Kwavumela iibhanki ukuba zikhulise amazinga omyinge kunye nemigangatho ephantsi yokuboleka. Kwakhona kwavumela ii-S & L ukuba zenze iimboleko zentengiso kunye nabathengi. Oku kwakhokelela kwingxaki yokulondoloza nokuboleka imali , kunye nokungaphumeleli kwesiqingatha seebhanki zesizwe.
| Unyaka | % yeMali yeNgeniso | % yeeMpahla zeMakhaya | % yeGDP |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
| 1979 | 46 | 28 | 30 |
| 2001 | 73 | 41 | 50 |
(Umthombo: uRichard K. Green kunye noSusan M. Wachter, "I-American Mortgage in History and International Context," iYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, ngoSeptemba 21, 2005)
Iimali-mboleko ezichaphazela njani uqoqosho
Ngethuba loLawulo lukaMongameli uClinton , iibhanki zakhalaza ukuba azikwazi ukukhuphisana kwiimarike zemali ngamazwe ngamazwe. ICongress yalawula umashishini, kwaye yachithwa uMthetho we-Glass-Steagall Act. Oku kwavumela iibhanki ukuba zisebenzise imali eqinisekisiwe ye-depositors yokutyalomali kwiimveliso ezisengozini . Eyona nto yathandwa kakhulu yiyo yokhuseleko lokuxhaswa ngemali .
Amabhanki aya kubamba ndawonye iimali-mboleko ezifanayo, aze azithengise kuFannie Mae, uFreddie Mac okanye nabanye abatyala-mali. Baye baxhaswa nge-inshorensi ngokungagqibekanga nge-default swaps. Imfuno yezi ziqinisekiso zaphakanyiswa kakhulu kangangokuthi ibhanki yaqalisa ukunciphisa imilinganiselo kwimali-mboleko. Ngokukhawuleza, le mboleko yesondlo yavumela ukuba phantse ubani abe ngumnini wezindlu.
Ngenxa yoko, ipesenti yemali yesikweletu semali efaniswa nomkhiqizo wekhaya ophezulu wenyuka ukusuka kuma-50 ekhulwini ngo-2000 ukuya kuma-70 ekhulwini ngo-2004. Yonke yahamba kakuhle kwada kwafika amaxabiso ezindlu ngo-2006. Ayikwazi ukuhlaziya okanye ukuthengisa izindlu zabo, abanini . Abaninzi-mali batyala imali kwi-credit swaps yabo engatshintshiyo ukuba i-insurer yinqununu, i-AIG, yaphantse ilahlekelwe. Yiloo ndlela i- subprime mortgage crisis eyadala ingxaki yemali ka - 2008 .