Kutheni ukuhlawula irhafu kungekho msebenzi ode
I-Curve Curve yimbono echaza ukuba izinga lentlawulo elincinci likhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho. Ixhasa ubuncwane bezoqoqosho , iiReaganomics kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoQoqosho yeTe . U-Economist uArthur Laffer wavelisa ngo-1979.
I-Curved Curve ichaza indlela utshintsho kwizinga lokuhlawula irhafu luchaphazela ngayo imali yekarhulumente ngeendlela ezimbini. Enye ihamba ngokukhawuleza, leyo iLaffer ichaza ngokuthi "i-arithmetic." Yonke idola kwiirhafu zerhafu iguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwidola elingaphantsi kwerhafu karhulumente.
Esinye isiphumo sixesha elide, elichazwa nguLaffer njengempembelelo "yezoqoqosho". Isebenza kolunye uhlangothi. Amanani entlawulo ephantsi abeka imali ezandleni zabahlawuli berhafu, abesebenzisa. Yenza umsebenzi ophezulu wezoshishino ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ziqesha abasebenzi abaninzi, abesebenzisa imali yabo eyongezelelweyo. Oku kukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho kubangela isiseko esikhulu sentela. Ekugqibeleni igqithisela nayiphi na ingeniso elahlekileyo kwi-tax cut.
I-Curve Curve ichazwe
Ishati ibonisa ukuba, ngaphantsi kwekhava, iirhafu zerhafu zikhokelela kungeniso karhulumente, ngoko ke, akukho rhu lumente. Enyanisweni, ukunyuswa kweerhafu kwi-zero kwandisa intlawulo karhulumente kwangoko. Ekuqaleni, ukunyusa irhafu kusebenomsebenzi omuhle wokunyuka kweengeniso ezipheleleyo, njengoko kuboniswa yi-flatness of curve. Njengoko urhulumente uyaqhubeka ephakamisa irhafu, umvuzo kwiinkcitho ezongezelelweyo ziba ngaphantsi, okwenza ukuba ikhefu liqhube.
Ngesinye isikhathi, iirhafu eziphezulu zibeka umthwalo onzima ekukhuleni koqoqosho. Imfuno iwa kakhulu kangangokuba ukuhla kwexesha elide kwisiseko seerhafu ngaphezu kokunciphisa ukwanda kwangoko kwingeniso yerhafu. Yilapho i-boomerang ikhefu ibuyela ngasemva. Eli li candelo elixubileyo kwitshati, ethi Laffer ibibiza ngokuba yi "Interhibitive Range." Ngaphandle kweli nqanaba, iirhafu ezongezelelweyo ziphumela ekunciphiseni ingeniso karhulumente.
Kuphezulu kwinqanaba, xa ireyithi yentlawulo ingama-100 ekhulwini, ingeniso karhulumente yinto. Ukuba urhulumente uthatha yonke ingeniso yomntu kunye nenzuzo yoshishino, ke akukho mntu osebenzayo okanye ovelisa iimpahla. Oku kubangela ukunyamalala kwerhafu yerhafu.
Ukuba Ubomi Bokuphela Kulula NjengeKreve yeLaffer
Yintoni ekhoyo ekhotsheni? Amanani! Ngamanye amazwi, irhafu yerhafu kunye neepesenti yokwanda kwentlawulo eyenziweyo. Ukuba iLaffer ifake iinombolo kumzobo, urhulumente unokuthi, "Hmm, makwandise izinga lentlawulo ukusuka kuma-24 ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini ukwenzela ukwanda kwepesenti kwi-tax base." Ukuba ubheka kwitshati, kubonakala ukuba "iNqanaba lokuQinisekisa" liqala malunga ne-50 yepesenti yentlawulo. Ukuba oko kwakunjalo, itshati yayingenanto namhlanje. Ngoba? Urhulumente wesibrari akazange abuyisele umntu kwi-50 ekhulwini (okanye ngaphezulu) ukususela ngo-1986. (Umthombo: "IiRhafu zeRhafu zeMbali," iSiseko soRhafu.)
I-Laffer yayigweme ukucacisa. Ingaba ukukhwa kwerhafu kukhuthaza uqoqosho (apho ujikeleze khona) kuxhomekeka ezintandathu izinto:
1. Uhlobo lwenkqubo yerhafu ekhoyo.
2. Ukukhawuleza uqoqosho lukhula njani.
3. Ziyiphi iirhafu eziphezulu.
4. Iingxowa zerhafu .
5. Ulungelelaniso lokungena kwimisebenzi engekho yerhafu, imisebenzi engaphantsi komhlaba.
6. Inqanaba lomgangatho wezoqoqosho.
Naliphi na le miba inokuthintela ukunyuswa kweerhafu ekukhuthazeni ukukhula koqoqosho.
Ukwenyuswa kweRhafu Kusebenza kuphela kwiNqanaba lokuVimbela
Ukunciphisa intela kusebenza "kwiNqanaba lokuVimbela" ngokunyusa imali yokusebenzisa imali kunye nemfuno. Ikhuthaza ukukhula kwamashishini kunye nokuqesha. Oku kubangela ukwanda kweevenkile zikaRhulumente kwixesha elide. Kungenxa yokuba umphumo wezoqoqosho we-tax cut cut out the effect of arithmetic. I-Laffer ichaza enye inzuzo yoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza. Inceda ukunciphisa iindleko zikaRhulumente kwiingeniso zengqesho kunye nezinye iinkqubo zentlalontle .
Ukunciphisa irhafu ngaphandle kwe-"Range Prohibitive Range" nangona kungakhuthazi uqoqosho olwaneleyo ukunciphisa imali eyancitshiswayo. Enyanisweni, ukunyuswa kweerhafu ngexesha loqoqosho okanye ixesha lokukhula okucothayo kulimaza umnotho. Ngethuba lokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo, iingeniso zengqesho ezingenamsebenzi-mali, iinkqubo zentlalontle yoluntu kunye nemisebenzi yokwandisa uqoqosho olwaneleyo ukulugcina ungena kwixinzelelo .
Ukuba imali iyancipha ngakumbi nangaphezulu kweentlawulo zerhafu, imfuno yamathambeka kunye namashishini ahlupheke ngabathengi abambalwa kakhulu.
Ukusebenza, ukuHlelwa kweRhafu kufuneka kuholele eminye imisebenzi
I-Curve Laffer icinga ukuba iinkampani ziya kuphendula kwiholo elongezelelweyo ukusuka kwinqanaba lentlawulo ngokudala imisebenzi. Ezinye iinkalo eziliqela ziye zavela ukususela ngo- 2008 iingxaki zemali , ezibhengezile oku akunjalo. Amashishini awazange asebenzise imali kwi- Bush's tax cuts and TARP bailouts ukwenza imisebenzi . Endaweni yoko, bayigcina, bayithumela kubanini-zimpahla njengemali, bahlawulela amasheya abo okanye batyalile ngaphandle kwelanga. Akukho nanye yale mi sebenzi eyenza imisebenzi yase-US efunekayo ukunika uqoqosho olusakhulayo uLaffer oluchazwe.
Kwakhona, uqoqosho luye lwaba yinkunzi - kunye ne-teknoloji-intensive kunye nokunyuka kwabasebenzi abancinci. Ngoko ke, amashishini anelungelo lokusebenzisa izicucu zerhafu ukuthenga iikhomputha kunye nezinye izixhobo zokugcina umsebenzi kunokuqeshisa abasebenzi abatsha.
Isiphelo
UDkt. Laffer uyavuma ukuba "I-Curve Laffer ngokwayo ayithethi ukuba i-tax cut cut will raise or income revenues." Kunoko, kubonisa ukuba ukuba iirhafu sele ziphantsi, kwaye ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kunciphisa imali engenayo ngaphandle kokukhulisa ukukhula. Abezopolitiko abathi bahlawula irhafu rhoqo baphakamisa iindleko kwixesha elide lichaze ngokucacileyo i-Curve Laffer.
Ngokomzekelo, uMongameli Bush wanquma iirhafu ngo-2001 (i- JGTRRA ) kunye no-2003 (i- EGTRRA ). Uqoqosho lwakhula, kwaye imali engenayo yanda. Ukuxhaswa kweenkonzo, kubandakanywa nomongameli, uthe oko kukubangelwa ukutyalwa kweerhafu. Ezinye iicandelo zonyango zibhekiselele kumlinganiselo omncinci wenzalo njengomgqugquzeli wangempela woqoqosho. I- FOMC inciphise izinga leFund Fund ukusuka kuma-6 ekhulwini ekuqaleni kwe-2001 ukuya kuma-1 eepesenti ngo-Juni 2003. (Umthombo: "Ireyithi yeFund Fund," iNew York Federal Reserve.)