Ukunyuswa kweentlawulo zeBhus: Xa ziphelile, kunye nefuthe labo kwi-Economy

by Kimberly Amadeo

Ukwenyuka kweziThutho ezimbini zeNtengiso kakhulu kunamhlanje

Ukutyunjwa kwentlawulo yaseBush kwakukho utshintsho lwekhowudi ezimbini ezenziwa nguMongameli Bush ngexesha lakhe. I-Congress yenze iinqunto zerhafu kwiintsapho ngo-2001 kwaye abatyali-mali ngo-2003. Babefanele baphele ekupheleni konyaka ka-2010. Kunoko, iCongress yabanika iminyaka emibini. Ngenxa yoko, beyinkxala enkulu kumkhankaso wongameli we-2012 . Abaviwa baxubusha ukuba ngaba iCongress kufuneka iqhubekele kwabo benza i-$ 250,000 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukwehla kweerhafu kwandiswa ngokusisigxina njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sokukhusela i-cliff.

UMongameli Bush naye ugunyazisile i-US Treasury ukuba ithumele i-rebate tax rebate ngonyaka we-2008. Ayiphumelelanga ukukhusela ingxaki yemali .

01 I- EGTRRA Yentlawulo Yentlawulo - 2001

Ngomnyaka we-2001, uMongameli uGeorge Bush wagunyaza ukukhishwa kwentela ebizwa ngokuba yi- Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act ka-2001. I-EGTRRA yakhuthaza uqoqosho ngexesha loqoqosho lwe-2001. Ikhusele abahlawuli berhafu kodwa yandisa ityala nge $ 1.35 trillion ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10. I-Urban Institute ithi ukutyunjwa kwentlawulo kuzuze iintsapho kunye nabantwana abaninzi. Kwakunceda nabo abanemali engaphezu kwama-200,000.

02 I- JGTRRA yeNtengiso yeNtlawulo yeRhafu - 2003

Ngomnyaka ka-2003, uMongameli uBush wagunyaza uMsebenzi kunye noMthetho woKhuselo lokuThuthukiswa koThutho lweRhafu. Yanciphisa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu kwixesha elide lozuzo lweentengo kunye negalelo ukuya kuma-15 ekhulwini. Ukwenyuswa kweerhafu okwandisiweyo kwamashishini amancinci . I-JGTRRA iphinde ikhawuleze amalungiselelo amaninzi kwi-EGTRRA eyayithatha ixesha elide.

03 Inkcitho yeNgeniso yeNgeniso - 2008

I-Congress ivume i-$ 168 yezigidigidi zeRhafu isaphulelo sokuhlawula irhafu ekuqaleni kuka-2008. Wonke umntu uncedo lokuhlawula irhafu kwi-$ 6,000 yokuqala yokufumana imali engenayo kubantu ngabanye kunye ne-$ 12,000 yokuqala yeengeniso ezibini. Abantu bafumana isheke kwi-imeyile.

Isaphulelo sesikhathi esisodwa sasingaphantsi kwe-1 pesenti yomkhiqizo wekhaya . Oko bekufanele kube nokwaneleyo ukukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho ngo-1.19 kwi-dollar ehlawulwayo. Ngelishwa, ngexesha lokuhlola liphuma, uLehman Brothers wayehlile. Ukuxhaswa kwe-Fannie Mae, uFreddie Mac kunye no-AIG banqabile ukuzithemba kwi-banking system. Yayiphumelela nayiphi na imiphumo emihle yezaphulelo zerhafu ngokunyusa uqoqosho lwase-United States kwii-quarters zokuhamba kwemali.

04 Ukhetho lwexesha elide-2010

Ukukhungatheka ngenxa yepakusti ye-economic stimulus ipakethe yabangela ukuba kuqhutywe iRepublican Tea Party . Ichasene nawuphi na ukwanda kweerhafu. U-Obama wayefungile ukuba avumele ukuhlawula irhafu kweBush kuphelelwe yilabo benza imali engaphezu kwama-200,000 ngonyaka. Iqela le-Tea lathi oku kuya kubangela ukudalulwa kwemisebenzi ngokulimaza abanikazi bamashishini abancinci abadala ama-60 ekhulwini lwemisebenzi emitsha.

Unyulo lwangexesha eliphakathi luka-2010 lwaludala uninzi lwamaRiphablikhi eNtlwini. Oku kwaphazamiseka ngamandla kwakuthetha ukutyunjwa kwentlawulo yaseBush kuya kuvunywa yiCongress-duck Congress ngaphambi kokuba unyaka uphume.

05 Kutheni iCandelo leRhafu leRhafu lingapheli

I-Congress yenze i-Bush tax cut to cut out in 2010 ukuthobela umthetho we-Byrd. Ithintela nawuphi na umthetho weerhafu ukwandisa ubuncipheko ngaphaya kweminyaka eyi-10.

Kodwa iCongress yabhekana nomhla wokugqibela. I-IRS kwafuneka ikhiphe itafile yayo yokubamba ityala ka-2011 phakathi noDisemba 2010. Loo wawunyaka-nyaka wonyaka wokhetho. Akukho Nkomfa efuna ukuphazamisa ukhetho kwakhona ngokuvota malunga nokongezwa.

I-Congress kunye noMongameli Obama bavumile ukwandiswa kweminyaka emibini, nangona uMongameli walwa nokulwa kwentlawulo yabarhafi. Iirhafu eziyi-858 zezigidi zeerhafu zokuhlawula iirhafu ezihlawulwa ngamaphesenti amabini. Kwakhona kwandisa ingxowa yerhafu yerhafu kunye nokuvuselela irhafu yerhafu.

I-EGTTRA ifanele iphelelwe ngowama-2011. Kodwa uqoqosho lwalukhuni ukubuyela kwiminyaka embi kakhulu ukusuka kwi-Depression Great . Ngomnyaka ka-2012, uMongameli Obama wasayina uMthetho wamaRama waseMelika we-Relief Payers of 2012. Wagcina ama-82 ekhulwini we-Bush tax cuts.

06 Ulwaphulo lwentlawulo olongeziweyo kwiBatyala ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukuKhula

I-Politikhi yeNkqubo yeRhafu iqikelele ukuba ukunyuka kweerhafu kuphakanyiswe iimali zerhafu emva kwerhafu yezindlu ngamaphesenti ama-6.7. Baxhobisa kuphela i-middle income income ngama-2.8 ekhulwini. Amaphesenti angama-20 aphantsi afumana imali yabo yerhafu emva kwe-1.0%. Uphando alubonisi ubungqina bokuba ukuhlawula irhafu kunomthelela kwimimiselo yokuchitha imali yabahlawuli berhafu abaphezulu. ISebe leNondyebo liqikelele ukuba utyalo lwebhank yaseBush luya kwandisa ukwanda ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba kubekho iipesenti ezili-10 zokulahlekelwa kwemali.

Isiko soLwabiwo-mali kunye nokuPhambili kwePolisi kufumane ukuba izicucu zerhafu zaseBush ziza kuhlanganisa i-$ 5.6 trillion kwiimali ezidlulileyo ukusuka ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2018. Yiyo malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 zetyala le-federal ehlawulwa ngo-2018.

07 I-Theory emva kweeNkcitho zeRhafu-mali-I-Supply-Side Economics

UMongameli uRonald Reagan wayengumxhasi wezoqoqosho. (Ifoto: I-White House).

Ukwehliswa kwentela yindlela elula kwaye ekhawulezayo yokukhuthaza uqoqosho ngokubeka imali ethe ngqo kwizandla zabahlawuli berhafu. Abaxhasi bathetha ukuba zonke iintengo zerhafu zandisa ukwanda kweentengo zabathengi ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukulahleka kwemali. Kungenxa yokuba abathengi kunye namashishini bachithe ngokwaneleyo ukunyuka kweerhafu ukwandisa imfuno kunye nokwenza imisebenzi . Kudala ukukhula koqoqosho oluninzi ukuba imali yentlawulo yerhafu iphakame ekugqibeleni.

Le ngcamango ayinakujongana neendleko zorhulumente . Kodwa kubonakala kunengqiqo ukuba umphumo ofanayo uza kwenzeka kunye nenani elilinganayo lokuchitha. Kuya kufaka inani elifanayo lemali kwizoqoqosho.

08 I-Curve Laffer isekela i-Economic Supply-Side

Curve Curve (Ifoto: Arthur Laffer).

Ngowe-1979, u-Arthur Laffer wezomnotho wenza i-Laffer Curve. Le ngcamango yecandelo loqoqosho lwezoqoqosho. I-curve ichaza indlela ukunyuswa kweerhafu kuchaphazela ngayo imali engenayo karhulumente . Iyokuqala "i-arithmetic" eyenza ukulahlekelwa kwangoko kwentlawulo yengeniso. Okwesibini "uqoqosho" olude ixesha elide. Emva kwexesha, abathengi baya kuchitha imali yabo yerhafu. Oku kuya kudala imfuno enkulu kunye nokukhula kwamashishini. Ekugqibeleni, oku kuza kutshintsha imali elahlekileyo.

Kodwa ngenxa yokunciphisa irhafu ukuba ibe nefuthe, iirhafu ngaphambi kokuba uhlulwe kufuneka zibe "kwibala elingavumelekanga" kwikota. Ukuba iirhafu sele ziphantsi kwelo xesha, ziza kuba ne-"arithmetic" kuphela.