Iimfuno zoLondolozo
Imfuno yesigxina ibhekisela kwisixa sediphozithi ibhanki kufuneka igcine kwindawo egcinwe kwi-Federal Reserve yesebe yebhanki. Ngomhla wama-30 kuDisemba, 2010, i-Fed yayibeka kwipesenti ezili-10 zazo zonke izibophelelo zeebhanki ngaphezu kwe-58.8 yezigidi. Ezantsi le mfuneko kukuba, ibhanki ingabhadela.
Ikhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho ngokubeka imali ethe xaxa ekuhambeni. Imfuno ephezulu ixakeke ngakumbi kwiibhanki ezincinci kuba bengenayo ininzi yokuboleka kwindawo yokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, akukho mfuneko kwiibhanki ezinamatyala ngaphantsi kwezigidi eziyi-10.7 yezigidi. Imfuno yeepesenti ezi-3 kuphela zamatyala phakathi kwe-$ 10.7 yezigidi kunye ne-58.8 yezigidi.
I-Fed ayifuni ukuba ishintshe imfuneko yendawo yokugcina. Enye into, kubiza kakhulu kwiibhanki ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokuhambelana nemfuno emitsha. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukulungiswa kwezinga lemali elondliwe liphumelela kwisiphumo esifanayo kunye nokuphazanyiswa ngaphantsi kunye neendleko.
Inani leFund Funds
Ukuba ibhanki ayinayo ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko yokugcina, iya kuboleka kwezinye iibhanki. Ireyithi yemali yesigqeba yintlawulo yebhanki yintlawulo yebhanki ehlawulana ngayo kule mboleko yokulala ebusuku. Imali ebolekileyo kunye nebolekwa kuthiwa yimali eyondliwe . Ikomiti ye- Federal Open Market ijolise iqanaba elithile kwizinga elikhoyo lokutya kwemali kwisinye sezihlandlo ezisibhozo ezihleliweyo.
Inzala kwiMithombo
Ngonyaka ka-2008, iFed yavuma ukuhlawula umrhumo kwiimfuneko zokugcinwa kwempahla kunye naziphi na izibonelelo ezingaphezulu. Ngoku ungasebenzisa le nqanaba ukutshintsha ixabiso lemali elondliwe. Amabhanki akayi kuboleka imali eyondla imali engaphantsi kwento abayifumana kwi-Fed yabo yokugcina.
Reverse Repos
Ngo-2013, iFed yaqala ukukhupha i- rest reos kwiibhanki.
I-Fed "iboleka" imali kwiibhanki ngobusuku. Ihlawulela inzala yalo "mboleko." Isebenzisa i-Treasury ye-US njengemibhobho. Njengazo zonke izivumelwano zokuthengwa, amabhanki angayibhalisi njengemboleko. Inzala ehlawulwayo iya kuxhasa ixabiso lemali elondliwe njengoko iFed iphakamisa kancane kancane.
Izidingo zeMargin
NgoNovemba 12, 2015, iibhanki eziphambili zehlabathi zivumile ukuphuhlisa iimfuno zomda kwi-Lockstep neFed. Naliphi na iqumrhu lezemali eliboleka imali kubatyalo-mali ukuba bathenge amasheya kufuneka bafune ipesenti, okanye umgama, ukuba zigcinwe ngokugqithiseleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umrhwebi ufuna ukuboleka i-$ 100 ngosuku, ibhanki iyomfuna ukuba ayiboleke i-$ 105. Iibhaksi ezihlanu ezongezelelweyo ngumda.
Imali-mboleko yeBhanki yee-securities yintengiso ye-4.4 trillion. Umda uya kufaka isicelo kwiimali-mboleko zokuhlala, izitokisi, izibophelelo kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso zobungozi. Akuyi kusebenza kwimali-mboleko yokuthenga i-Treasurys okanye ezinye iziqinisekiso ezikhuselekileyo. Benza i-sibini yesithathu yeemarike zokuboleka iimali.
I-Fed inalo igunya ukusuka kwi-1934 ye-Securities Exchange Act kodwa ayilisebenzisi ukususela ngo-1970. I-Fed ivuselela eli gunya lokunciphisa uhlobo lokubeka ingozi kwi- 2008 . Abagxeki bathi banganciphisa inani labathengisi.
Oku kuya kukwandisa ukunyaniseka kwemali ukuba akukho zindleko zemali ezifanelekileyo ukunceda abathengi bathenge baze bathengise kwi- market crash .
UkuVulwa kweMarike evulekileyo
Isixhobo sokusebenza kwimarike evulekile yindlela i-Fed eyenza ngayo ukuba ibhanki iboleka kwizinga layo lokuxhasa imali. I-Fed isebenzisa yona xa ithenga okanye ithengisa i-securities kwiibhanki zamalungu. Kungenzeka ukuba uthenge amanqaku eNondyebo okanye iziqinisekiso zokubambisa imali .
Ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa i-securities kufana nokukhipha okanye ukuzongeza kwiimakethe ezivulekileyo. I-Fed iya kuthenga i-securities kwiibhanki xa ifuna ukuba idibanise ireyithi yemali yokutya ukuze ihlangabezane nayo. Baza kuba baya kuba nemali ethe xaxa kwaye kufuneka bahlawule amanani ukuboleka yonke imali eyongezelelweyo. Xa iFed ifuna amaxabiso aphakame, akwenza okuchaseneyo. Ithengisa iibhanki kwiibhanki, ukunciphisa inkunzi yazo.
Ekubeni kuncinci ukubolekisa, banokuphakamisa ngokukhawuleza izinga lokuxhaswa kwemali kwi-Target target.
Ifowuni yokuKhupha
I-Fed isebenzisa iwindi yokuphuhlisa ukuboleka imali kwiibhanki kwizinga leSaphulelo soFike ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokugcina. Isaphulelo se-Fed sesiphakamileyo kunezinga elongezelelweyo lemali . Iibhanki zidla kuphela ukusebenzisa iwindi yokuphuhlisa xa zingenako ukufumana imali ebolekileyo kwezinye iibhanki. Ngenxa yoko, iFed idla kuphela isebenzisa esi sixhobo kwimeko engxamisekileyo. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-Y2K, emva kwe-9/11 , kunye neRest Recession . Iinkcukacha zexesha elijongene neengxaki zemali xa abasetyenzisiweyo basebenzisa le sixhobo.
Ixabiso lokuThengisa
Isaphulelo sokunciphisa isantya sokuthi i-Federal Reserve iibhanki ziboleka ukuboleka kwiwindow yokuphuhlisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ipesenti yengongoma ngaphezu kwezinga lemali elondliwe. Kungenxa yokuba iFed ifuna ukuphazamisa ukuboleka ngokweqile.
Ukubonelela ngemali
Imali yonikezelo mali iyonke inani lemali ebanjwe luluntu. Iingxelo zeFed kulo ngeveki njenge:
- I-M1, eyiyo imali kwaye ihlole idizithi
- I-M2, equka iM1 kunye nemali yemarike yemali , ii-CD kunye ne-akhawunti yokulondoloza.
Ukuxhaswa kwandisa ukongezwa kwemali ngokunciphisa izinga lokuhlawula imali, elinciphisa iindleko zebhanki zokugcina iimfuno zokugcina impahla. Oku kubanika imali engaphezulu yokuboleka imali, enika abathengi imali emapokothini abo.
I-Fed ye-Alphabet Soup
I-Fed yadala ezininzi iinkqubo ezintsha kunye ezintsha zokulwa neengxaki zemali . Ziye zadalwa ngokukhawuleza, ngoko amagama achazwe ngokuchanekileyo oko akwenzayo ngokwemigaqo yobugcisa. Yenza ingqiqo enkulu kubanki, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu.
I-acronyms ibangele isobho se-alphabet yeeprogram, ezifana ne-MMIF, TAF, CPPF, ABCP, kunye ne-MMF yobungozi. Nangona ezi zixhobo zisebenza kakuhle, zadideka uluntu jikelele. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abazange bathembele kwiinjongo zeFed kunye nezenzo. Ngoku ukuba le ntlekele iphelile, ezi zixhobo ziyekile. Cofa kwi-hyperlink ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nabo.
- Isibonelelo seMali-mali seMali-mali (MMIF)
- Izibonelelo zeeNkcitho zeThemu (TAF)
- Indawo yokuXhaswa kwePhepha loRhwebo (CPPF)
- I-Term Auction Facility Facility (TALF)
- Iphepha lezorhwebo elixhaswe nge-Asset Imali yeMarike ye-Mutual Fund (ii-ABCP)
- I-Primary Dealer Credit Facility.
Ingxelo yeMali yeMali
Iingxelo zeNgxelo zeMali zeNgxelo zeNgqungquthela kwilizwe loqoqosho lwe-US. Kuyo, i- Federal Reserve Board ibhankanya umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wase-US, indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo uqoqosho, kunye ne-Fed yokujonga ikusasa.
I- Chair Chair ( Fed Federated Chair) inikeza ingxelo ngongoma kabini ngonyaka kwiCongress. Uyabonakala phambi kweKomidi yeSenethi kwiBhanki, kwiZindlu, kunye neMicimbi yezoMmandla kunye neKomiti yeNdlu kwiNkonzo zezeMali.
Ingxelo kufuneka imfundele nabani na ofuna uhlalutyo lobuchule boqoqosho lwe-US. Ngelishwa, ichanekile kwaye ibuchwephesha kangangokuthi ihlala inganakwa. Nokuba i-media media ingqalelo kwiNgqungquthela ye-Fed Chair esikhundleni. Bajolise ukuba ngaba umgaqo-nkqubo unokutshintsha, kwaye uya kuthinta njani imarike yempahla. Ngokudabukisayo, oku kufanayo kuyinyaniso kwingxelo yenyanga yenyanga, iBook Beige .