Izinto Zonke abaTyalo-mali kufuneka bacinge ngazo malunga nokulawula imali
Oku kunokuthi umahluko phakathi kokuhlala kwintsuku yakho ngokuthuthuzela, ngelixa unikezela ilifa leendlalifa zakho ukuthenga ikhaya okanye ukuncedisa ukuhlawula iikholeji, okanye ukukhawuleza ukuhlawula imali, ukuhlawula ukuhlawula imali, unethemba lokuba iinzuzo zeNtlalo zoKhuselo ziyaqhubeka kunye nexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ngokudabukisayo, naphezu kweenjongo ezilungileyo, abantu banentsingiselo yokuphumelela kulo msebenzi suku ngalunye.
Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuba inqaku elilodwa likhuphe ngisho nxalenye yomhlaba efunekayo ukwenzela ukuba ube yingcali, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ongayenza ekuhambeni kwindlela oya kuyo inkululeko yemali enokukunceda ukuba ube lula xa ulandela amaphupha akho. ; lokulawula utyalo-mali kunye neepotfoliyo zokutshala imali ngokuqiqa kunye nokulungelelanisa kunokuba uphendule ngokwemvakalelo kuyo yonke indawo kunye nokujika kweDow Jones Industrial Average okanye i- S & P 500 . Ngokukodwa, ndifuna kugxininisa kwiintlobo ezintlanu ezinokukunceda ukuba uphucule ipotfoliyo yakho yokutshala imali .
1. Qaphela ukuba wena, kunye nemvakalelo yakho, yingozi enkulu kwipotifoliyo yakho, ngoko uphuhlisa isicwangciso sokunciphisa umngcipheko. Ukuba ndakubuza ukuba ubone ukuba yeyiphi into eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kumtshali-mali njengoko ezama ukwenza ubutyebi, ungathini?
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, impendulo yakho ingatshintshwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yokuthengisa yemali apho wakhuliswa khona okanye kuqala uqala ukunikela ingqalelo kwiimarike ezinkulu. Le mihla, mhlawumbi unokuqikelela ukuba iimali okanye iindleko. U nga pho Iminyaka elishumi okanye amabini edlulileyo, usenokuba uqikelele ukuba yinto ekhethekileyo yokukhetha ukhuseleko lwasekhaya.
U nga pho Ngama-1960, unokuqikelela ukuba kuya kukulungele ukuthenga izitokisi zokukhula. U nga pho
Kuye kwaye kuluhlu uhamba kodwa into enye ihlala iqhubeka. Ngokungafihliyo, phantse bonke ubungqina bubonisa kuwe , umtyalomali, njengokuba yintoni ebangela ukuba ungaphumeleli ngokwezimali. Ngokuchasene naziphi iimeko zezomnotho zenkcubeko ezinokuthi ukholelwe, uqoqosho lwezokuziphatha kunye nezimali zokuziphatha ngoku kunikezela into endiyikhoyoleyo kukuba ubungqina bokuba amadoda nabesifazane, ngelixa becacisekile, baninzi benza izinto zobuwula kakhulu ngemali yabo ebangela ukuba bahlupheke ngenxa yexesha elide. kwexesha. Ngaphandle kokukubona kwidata, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu, ndiyifakazela ebomini nasemsebenzini wam. Abantu abanengqiqo ngokufanelekileyo, abanokuphumelela kwimpumelelo kwiintlobo zonke zeengingqi, bazisule ixabiso-mali ezixabisekileyo ezithatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba ziqokelele-kuba zichitha ixesha elingaphantsi ziqonda oko zinezo zinto, zizathu zokuba zinezinto, zinani nazo, kwaye apho banabo, kunokuba bakhethe i-friji entsha okanye isher and dryer.
Amanqaku angamangalisa. Akuqhelekanga ukuba abatyali-mali balandele ukusebenza okwenziweyo kweengxowa-mali zabo ngaphantsi kweepesenti eziliqela; Iindleko zengqesho ezinokudlula iminyaka engama-25 +.
Apha, kukho izicwangciso ezinokubambisana. Omnye ukuzinikela ngokwenene ukuba ube yingcali ekulawuleni imali yakho. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda uphando lwezemfundo malunga nokwabiwa kwemali, ukudilika kwiFomu ye-10-K , ukucinga malunga ne-portfolio weightings, nokucingisisa ngeenkcukacha zezinto ezifana nendlela yokwakha ye-index index, le nto ingaba yindlela yakho. Ukuba awukho, ufuna umntu onokukwenza oko. Enye yeenkampani ezinkulu zokulawula i-asethi kwihlabathi, iVanguard, esandula kufumaneka kwiphando layo ukuba nangona kubangelwe iindleko eziphezulu, ukuhlawula iinkonzo zabo zeengcebiso zezezimali "kungekhona nje kwongeza uxolo kwengqondo, kodwa kungongeza malunga neepesenti ezingama-3 zexabiso Intlawulo yeepalthifoliyo yenetha ngokuhamba kwexesha "(Umthombo: iphepha leVanguard Ixabiso elongezelelweyo labacebisi bezezimali , ukufundwa kokufunda uFrancis M.
UKnniry Jr., uColen M. Jaconetti, uMichael A. DiJoseph, kunye noYan Zilbering, ngo-2014. Ukubeka ixabiso kwixabiso lakho: Ukulinganisa i-Vanguard Advisor's Alpha. I-Valley Forge, Pa .: IQela leVanguard.) Nangona bebonisa ukuba inani aliyena inzululwazi eyiyo, besithi "[f] okanye umntu, abacebisi banokunikela okungaphezulu kunokuba kwintengo eyongeziweyo; Iingeniso ezi-3 zeepesenti zokubuya ziza emva kwentlawulo kunye nemirhumo. "
Ngamanye amagama, ukusebenzisa umzekelo ogqithiseleyo, ukuba iphothifoliyo yakho yayingama-100 eepesenti eendleko zenkcitho-mali ezenzileyo ezenzile iipesenti ezili-10 emva kwemali, kukukho ukujonga ukuqesha umcebisi ngokubangela ukuba ubuya bakho bube ngu-10 ekhulwini. Ixabiso lomcebisi xa, ngokwenene, iziphumo zakho zingaba ziphantsi ngokwezinto eziphathekayo (ukuthenga xa ungathengi, ukuthengisa xa ungafanele uthengise, ugcine izikhundla ezigxininiswe kakhulu, ungayinaki ithuba lokusebenzisa iziganeko ezithile zerhafu ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso ezifana nokubekwa kweefa, ukuphuhlisa nokubala iphethini yokuchitha ngexesha lesigaba sokuhambisa iphothifoliyo, njl.) Ukuba amava akho azama ukuhamba yodwa aya kubangela ukuba uzuze, uthi, ama-5 ekhulwini okanye ama-6 ekhulwini, waphela ukwenza ngaphezulu imali naphezu kokuhlawula imali ephezulu ngenxa yokubambisana kunye namava omcebisi. Ukugxininisa ekubuyiseni okungenakwenzeka kuphela, kungagqiba ukuhlawula ixabiso elikude kakhulu ekulahlekelweni kokulahleka kunokugqithisa indleko.
Kufuneka uphuhlise isicwangciso esakhiwe kakuhle, esekelwe kwimigaqo yokuphatha iphothifoliyo, kwaye unamathele kuyo ngemozulu epholileyo kunye nesiphango esibhakabhakeni.
2. Ngaphandle kokujongana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye yokuziphatha, musa ukwenza izigqibo zokutyalomali-mali ezingenasigxina kwinxalenye yesibhambathiso kwipotfoliyo yakho esekelwe kuphela kwindlela ozivakalelwa ngayo ngemveliso okanye iinkonzo zenkampani. UBenjamin Graham wabhala inqaku elihle kakhulu elichaphazelekayo kule ngongoma, enokufumaneka kwi-1940 ye- Uhlalutyo loKhuseleko . Ngomxholo wakhe oyingqungquthela, wathi, "Ngenye indlela, zonke izinto ezikhethiweyo zoshishino ezikhethiweyo zingabandakanyekanga kwiinkampani ezikuloluhlu lwethu." Le nto inomdla, kungekhona kuba ibonisa ubungqina bokutsalwa kobutyebi, kodwa ngenxa Isikhumbuzo esinamandla sinikela ukuba umtyalomali akakwazi ukugweba ngokukhuselekileyo ukulungelelaniswa okanye ukutshabalalisa kwokhuseleko ngokusabela kwakhe kwintlobo yezoshishino apho kuthethwa khona. Ingxelo evelele yexesha elidlulileyo, kunye nobungqina obuqinileyo bokuzinza, kunye nokungabikho kwesizathu esilungileyo sokulindela utshintsho olubi ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo, ukufumana mhlawumbi isiseko esisisiseko sokufumana utyalo-mali.
Apha, uGraham wayethetha ngento yokuba ukhetho lwezibambiso kunye neenqwelo zokufumana imali engenakunqwenelekayo zibugcisa obukhethiweyo. Ukhangele isizathu sokuba ungathengi into efana neyona nkxalabo enkulu ukuba ingaba ishishini liyakwazi ukubuyisela inqununu enethenjisiweyo kunye nemali oyibolekisileyo. Umtyalo-mali oye watya ukuthenga ityhufu (itekshi engatshatshayo) iifowuni ezikhethiweyo okanye izibophelelo kuba wayengengumdlali wezo shishini kufuneka azinelise ngokomngcipheko ophezulu kunye / okanye ukubuya okuphantsi. Ukuba ukuphepha iziqinisekiso ezikhutshwe yiinkampani zogwayi kubalulekile kuwe, oku kuyinyani kufuneka udibane nayo. Ubomi buzele i-trade-offs kwaye wenze enye yezo zorhwebo. Awukwazi ukuhlala udla ikheke yakho kwaye uyidle, nayo. Kungenzeka ukuba akufanelekanga kodwa kuyinyaniso.
3. Cinga ngendlela iphothifoliyo yakho yokutshala imali inxulumene ngayo nezinye iimpahla kunye namatyala ebomini bakho kwaye uzama ukunciphisa ukulungelelaniswa njengengqiqo ngokukhawuleza. Xa ulawula iphothifoliyo yakho yokutshala imali, uhlawulela ukucinga ngeendlela zokwenza ingcipheko ingcipheko . Umngcipheko omkhulu wokuba uninzi lwezinto zakho kunye neemfanelo ezihambelanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uhlala eHouston, wasebenza kwishishini leoli, inxalenye enkulu yesicwangciso sakho somhlala-phantsi esibophelelwe kwisitokethi somqeshi, inxalenye yebhanki yasekuhlaleni, kunye neendawo zokutyalwa kwezindlu zangasese e-Houston, yonke yakho Ubomi bemali ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo lubophelelwe ngombono wamandla. Ukuba i-oyile yecandelo yayiza kuqubuka, njengokuba yenza ngawo-1980, awufumananga nje umsebenzi wakho engozini, kodwa ukubaluleka kwezinto zokugcina impahla zakho ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifanayo indawo yakho yokuhlala kunye neendawo zebhanki zihlala ngenxa yabalimi nababolekisi, Kwakhona kwindawo yaseHouston, ejongene nobunzima obufanayo boqoqosho unikwe indawo yokuthembela kwioli. Ngokufanayo, ukuba uhlala kwaye usebenza eSilicon Valley, awuyi kufuna ezininzi zeempahla zakho zokuthatha umhlalaphantsi kwiimpahla zeteknoloji. Kunoko, unokuba ufuna ukucinga izinto ezinokuthi uqhubeke uphawula ngemali ngamaxesha amancinci, amancinci namaxesha amabi, nangona oko kuthetha ukuvelisa i-returns ephantsi ; umzekelo, ukubamba ubunini bempahla ebluhlaza kwi- chip chip , ngokukodwa iinkampani zentengo zabathengi ezenza izinto ezifana ne-toothpaste kunye nokuhlamba impahla yokuhlamba impahla, izinto zokucoca kunye neendawo zokutya, i-alcohol and packaged foods.
Ngokuqhelekileyo isilumko ukujonga ngayo yonke into kwiibhanti zakho zobuqu kunye nezoshishino ubuncinane kanye okanye kabini ngonyaka kwizame zokufumana ubuthathaka kunye nokulungiswa; kwimimandla apho elinye iqela okanye insalela inokuthi ihlasele kwaye ibangele imiphumo emibi engaphandle. Ukubhenca ngokuqhelekileyo kungabangela iindleko zokufakelwa, njengexabiso lentengo ye-petroli, ixabiso lentengo, impilo yemeko yendawo ethile, ukuxhomekeka kumthengisi omnye, ukuxhomekeka kumashishini athile okanye kwicandelo elithile okanye nayiphi na into yezinye izinto.
Kuba abatshali-mali abaninzi, enye ingozi enkulu abajongene nayo kukuxhomekeka ngaphezu kokuphuma kwemali kumqeshi. Ngokugxininisa ekufumaneni iimpahla ezivelisayo ezivelisa imali ephumayo , kwaye ngoko ke ukungafani nomqeshi, lo mngcipheko unganciphisa.
4. Nika ingqwalasela ingqalelo kwisakhiwo samatyala akho ngenxa yokuba kunokuthetha ukumahluko phakathi kokuzimela kwemali kunye nokutshabalalisa. Ingaba ukhetha ukutshala imali kwiisitokethi okanye i-real estate, amashishini abucala okanye ipropati yengqondo, indlela ohlawula ngayo i-asethi yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba ufuna, okanye ukhethe, ukusebenzisa ityala ukwenzela ukwandisa ukubuyela kwakho kwinkunzi kunye nokuvumela ukuba uthenge amafa angaphezulu kunokuba ubulungisa bakho buvumeleke, umgaqo omhle xa ulawula iphothifoliyo kukugwema ukuboleka imali emfutshane-mali ukuxhaswa ixesha elide -impahla ngenxa yokuba umthombo wenkxaso-mali unomisa kwaye ushiye i-illiquid ixesha elide ukwenzela ukuba ungene kwi-bankruptcy. Ngokufanelekileyo, ufuna kuphela amatyala ngokufunwa kwemali ehamba ngokukhawuleza eneemfuno zemivuzo. Kulungile, ufuna ukuba ityala libe yinto engeyiyo, ukuba kunokwenzeka, kwaye ugweme ukukwazi ukuba nomboleki unxuse ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezongezelelweyo. Iimviwo ezikhethekileyo maxa wambi zifaka isicelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unomnatha ophezulu ufanele umntu ngamnye ngeenkulungwane zezigidi zeedola ngemali kunye nezilinganiso zemali, bekungekho nto engafanelekanga ukuba nenento efana nomgca we-asethi yecredit ezaliswe yi-Treasury securities and tax-free. izibophezelo zikamasipala ukwenzela ukuba uthethe kalula imali yakho ngaphandle kokuba uthengise izikhundla zakho.
5. Ungazivumeli ukulibala ukuba amaxesha amahle aphelile. Oku kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu okwangoku ngeemarike zamasitoreji, iimarike zezindlu zangaphandle, kunye neentengo zamabhondi kufuphi, okanye ukubetha, ixesha lonke eliphezulu. Ixabiso lakho leempahla liza kuncipha kwixabiso lemarike. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-asethi, i-asethi yakho iya kuba namava e-cash flow. Iphothifoliyo yokutshala kakuhle ayikwazi kuphela ukujongana nale nto, ilindele. Ngaphandle kokuba usemncinci, ube nokunyamezela okukhulu kwimiqobo, kwaye ube nexesha elininzi kunye namandla okubuyisela xa ulahlekisayo okanye uhlupheke, kudla ngokuqiqatha ukuphepha ukufikelela xa wenza utyalo-mali. Ithemba alikho isicwangciso sotyalo-mali. Xa ufumana i-asethi, kufuneka wenze njalo ngexabiso, kwaye ngokwemigqaliselo, ukuba ukuba kwakukugqithiseleyo, unokuqhubeka usaphila ngaphandle kokuba uqalise phambili ebomini okanye kumsebenzi wakho. Kuba abatyali-mali abaninzi, ukuba ubuncwane sele beqokelelwa, kugxininiswa kukuba kukukhusela ubuncwane bexesha elide, kungekhona ngokukhawuleza ukulandela iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokubuya, ngakumbi ukuba le ntsha ibeka ingozi yokuhlutha.
I-Balance ayinikezeli irhafu, utyalo-mali, iinkonzo zemali kunye neengcebiso. Ulwazi lwenziwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iinjongo zotyalo-mali, ukunyamezela, okanye imeko zezimali kwanoma yimuphi umtyalo-mali othile kwaye angenakufaneleka kubo bonke abatyalo-mali. Ukusebenza kwangaphambili akubonakali kweziphumo ezizayo. Utyalo-mali luquka ubungozi kubandakanya ukulahlekelwa kwinqununu.