Yithini ixesha loThwebi?

Ixesha lokwenza imarike lihluke njani kwixabiso kunye nokutyalomali-mali

Njengoko uqala uhambo lwakho lotyalo-mali, uya kufumana ezininzi iingcebiso zokuphepha ixesha lokuthengisa; Izibongozo zikuxwayisa malunga neengozi zayo, ukungaphumeleli kwerhafu, kunye neengozi ezinobungozi. Yiphulaphula kakuhle le nto ukuba ufuna ukwakha ubuncwane kwaye ukhuphe ukutshabalalisa inhlekelele okanye ukukhubazeka kwengxowa-mali. Ukukunceda ukuba wenze njalo, ndifuna ukuthatha ixesha lokuxoxa ngexesha leemarike ukuze uqonde kakuhle, ukwazi ukuqonda ixesha lokuthengisa xa usibona (nangona oko kukuziphatha kwakho), nendlela yokulihlula ngayo ezinye, izicwangciso ezinengqiqo.

Iyiphi ixesha leemarike?

Ukufumanisa impendulo, kufuneka uqonde ukuba phantse kuwo onke amaxesha, kukho iindlela ezintathu kuphela ezisetyenziswayo umntu okanye isikhungo esinokuzisebenzisa ukufumana nayiphi na impahla, ibe yi- stocks , amabhondi , iimali eziphathekayo , i- estate , amashishini abucala , okanye ingqondo propati. Makhe sandise phezu kwabo apha.

1. Ixabiso: Xa kusetshenziswe indlela yokulinganisa, umntu uhlola ixabiso lexabiso elikhoyo lexabiso lemali yokunciphisa imali, phakathi kwamanye amacandelo, ukufika kwinto eyaziwa ngokuthi "ixabiso langaphakathi". Iphendula umbuzo othi, "Ukuba ndibe nelifa leempahla 'ukususela ngoku kude kube yimini yemihla ngemihla', njengomnye umntu owaziwayo otyalo-mali, kwaye wayefuna ukufumana umlinganiselo wokubuyisela [x]% ngonyaka, ndingakanani na ukuba ndihlawule ukuze ndiyolise Ubungakanani obuphezulu bokuvelisa izinga lam yokubuyisela elifunekayo? " Kungathatha iminyaka elishumi yokubalwa kwezimali, iimali, kunye namava afanelekileyo, ukuba akwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo le ndlela kuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba izicatshulwa zihlangene njani kunye nokuphatha iziqinisekiso ezifana nezitokisi nje ukuba ziyimashishini abucala; umzekelo, ingaba umvuzo ongenamathele "umgangatho ophezulu" okanye unobungozi obungabonakaliyo bokuveliswa kwemali engekho njengokwenene, okanye ongathinteliyo, njengokuba umntu unokuqiniseka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimaphi amafashoni okanye iifashoni eza kwaye ziya kuhamba, ekugqibeleni, ukuphumelela kwenene kunye nokulinganisa, njengobuncithakalo, iqhuba impembelelo yayo. Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo kukuba: Inyaniso apho yonke into iyathembele kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu okanye amaziko afuna ukuyihoxisa. Ihlala iphumelela ekupheleni.

1. Iifomula okanye i-Systematic Acquisitions: Xa abantu bengayazi ukuba bangayisebenzisa njani ixabiso, okanye abanomdla kwixesha elifunekayo ukwenza, banokubandakanya kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yindlela okanye indlela echanekileyo yokwakhiwa kwepottoliyo. Ngokwenene, inani elithile lemali okanye ipesenteji esetyenzisiweyo yokuhamba kwemali isetyenziselwa ukuzuza rhoqo iixabiso ngaphandle kweemarike okanye kwixabiso lexabiso leempahla, enethemba lokuba ukuphakama nokuphakama kuya kugxininisa phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka. Iindlela ezifana ne- dollar zithengisa ixabiso okanye imali engama-401 (k) ngokuchithwa kwemivuzo yimizekelo yehlabathi yangempela. Ukusebenzisa izicwangciso zokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kunye nezicwangciso zokubuyisela i- dividend enye umzekelo; rhoqo ukuba nemali ethatha kwi-akhawunti yakho yokujonga okanye yokulondoloza ukufumana ubunikazi kumashishini ofuna ukubamba ixesha elide .

1. Ixesha leMakethe: Ngexesha leemarike, umphathi weepotfoliyo okanye umtyalo-mali ucinga ukuba ixabiso , kunokuba ixabiso (ezi zibini zingaphambuke ixesha elithile, ngamanye amaxesha ixesha elide elidlulayo iminyaka), liyakwandisa okanye liyehlise. Emva koko uzama ukwenza inzuzo ngokuqikelela okokuba abanye abantu baya kwenza ntoni kunokuba baxhomekeke ekuphumeni kwemali kunye nezinye iinguqu ezichaphazelekayo ozibonayo kwindlela yokulinganisa. Ixesha lemarike linokuthi lidibaniswe kunye nefuthe, mhlawumbi ngendlela yemboleko yemali efana ne- marginal debt okanye i-stock options, ezifana nokuthengwa kweefowuni. Isibheno esiyinhloko sesikhathi sokuthengiswa kweemarike kukuba nangona kungenakukwazi ukuyenza rhoqo kunye naluphi na uphumelelo, inye okanye ezimbini iifowuni ezichanekileyo, kunye nomngcipheko owaneleyo, kunokuthetha ukuthatha ubutyebi ngobusuku kunokuba kufumane ukuzimela kwemali kwiminyaka emibini njengoko ezinye ezimbini iindlela zingadinga. Ukuthobela kule fowuni ye-siren kuye kwabangela ukuba amathemba kunye namaphupha angenakubalwa aphethwe phezu kweempazamo zephutha, ukucinga kunye nokungazelelwe.

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokulinganisela, ifomula okanye ukuthengwa okucwangcisiweyo, kunye nexesha lokuthengisa, masibuyele kwixesha elide kwi-case study history: I-stock market ye-1990.

Ngethuba le-Matshi ka-2000 liye lajikeleza, ukulinganisela kwamanani okubaluleka kwakubangelwa phantsi kwiindawo zemarike. Imali yokufumana isivuno kwiimpahla ezininzi ze-blue-chip ezifana neWal-Mart, ezazingenakwenzeka ukuba zikhule kwiingxelo zembali ngenxa yobukhulu becala, yayinama-2.54% amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa nama-5.49% onokufumana iimbophelelo zexesha elide. Echazwe ngenye indlela, ukusebenza kweemarike kwaye kwaphuka ngokupheleleyo kwaze kwaba yinto apho ungayifumana ngokuphindwe kabini ukubuya ngokupaka imali yakho kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kwihlabathi kunokuba ube ngumthengisi omkhulu kwilizwe. Iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zotyalo-mali ziza kufana njani nale nto?

1. Ukuhlaziywa-abaThengi abaTyalo-mali batshintshe inxalenye ebalulekileyo yephothifoliyo yabo ukusuka kwii-equity ukuya kwamanye amafa, bengathandi ukujongana nobuqhetseba. UJohn Bogle, i-Princeton-economist-educated-educator, owasekela iVanguard waza wenza i- index index ngengqondo yasemakhaya emva kokuqalisa i- S & P 500 ye- fund yokuqala kwiminyaka ye-1970, ngokukhawuleza yatshatyalalisa ininzi yabanini bempahla yakhe kwaye yabangela ukuba ibe yizibophelelo, apho izivuno Kwakunomtsalane ngakumbi kuba wayengenakukwazi ukuthethelela amanqanaba okulinganisa ama-stocks. UWarren Buffett wayenenkampani yakhe, iBerkshire Hathaway, idibanisa ne-insulense enkulu enkulu eyaziwa njengeGeneral Re eyayinomphumo wokutshintsha ngokubanzi umlinganiselo wee-stock-to-bonds kwi-potifoliyo yenkampani ngokuvumela ukugcinwa kweemali zengeniso. iimfanelo zerhafu ezichasiweyo kwiintsika zakhe ezixabisekileyo zeCoca-Cola, iGillette kunye neWashington Post. UDkt. Jeremy Siegel kwi-Wharton Business School wabhala i-op-eds kumaphephandaba amakhulu axwayisa ukuba amanqanaba okulinganisa aye axhaswa ngokupheleleyo kwinyani; ukuba kwakuyimashishini ekuqinisekisweni kweemathematika ayinakukufanelekela ukuba amaxabiso abatyala ahlawule ngokusekelwe kwiphina ingqiqo yokufumana imali.

1. I-Formula okanye i-Systematic Investors iqhubekile into ebeyayenzayo, ukuhlawula amaxabiso angenangqiqo kwiimpahla ezazisuka kwixesha lokuthenga, zathatha ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi ukuba zitshise ukuphononongwa kwazo kodwa zibuyiswe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuhla kwexabiso lentengo eyenziwa phakathi 2000 nangama-2002 xa iivili zivela kwi-Internet bubble. Oku kwaba nefuthe ngokukhulula kwamanani ukuze amava onke ayenelisekile.
2. Iimali zeemarike zibeka ibhentshi kunoma yiphina nazo zonke izikhokelo ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zabo malunga noko kuza kwenzeka. Abanye baye bachithwa njengoko abatyali-mali beqaphela ukuba akukho mali isiseko apho amaxabiso abaye bawafumana ayenokuphumla, okubangelwa ukuhla kwe-90%, i-95%, kwaye kwezinye iimeko i-100% ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa kweentlawulo. Abanye babe nobutyebi, bephuza umonakalo wonke ngokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo ixesha lokuwa. Abanye baphula. Iinkampani ezininzi zokulawula i-asethi kunye neengxowa-mali ezikhethekileyo kwiintengiso zezobuchwepheshe zihlanganiswe ngokungabikho okanye ziphuma kwishishini emva kokuba abatyali-mali bawashiye emva kokulahlekelwa kokulahlekelwa ubomi obubi.

Abanye abatyali-mali batyhayisa izigqibo ezithatyathwa ngokulinganisela kwiimarike

Iifomula okanye abatyali-mali abanomsebenzi abangaqhelwanga kwaye abangaqondi ngaphezu kweendlela ezisemgangathweni zolawulo lwephothifoliyo bavame ukudibanisa iindlela ezixhaswa ngexabiso kunye nexesha leemarike nangona kungekho nto ifana nayo. Umzuzwana uthi, "Ndiza kuthenga ubunikazi [faka i-apha apha] kuba ndicinga ukuba ixabiso elincinci kwixabiso langaphakathi kunye nokucwangcisa ukuligcina kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo njengenxalenye yepotythifoliyo eyahlukeneyo", bayakhala , "Ixesha leemarike!". Yeka ukuphulaphula ngenxa yokuba nayiphi na into ephuma emlonyeni wayo ukususela kuloo ngongoma ingabonakali.

Umzekeliso wehlabathi wangempela unokunceda. UJohn Bogle eVanguard wayengabandakanyekanga kwiimarike xa ejonga iintlawulo ezikhoyo kwiimasheya ngokumalunga nokubuyiselwa kwiibhondi ngexesha lebhola le-dot-com kwaye wagqiba ekubeni abatyali-mali babhekene nesiganeko sokuhlaselwa kwangaphambili. Wayengenangqiqo okanye ucinga xa wayithatha inxalenye yakhe yobuncinci ukuya kuma-25% okanye ngaphantsi, njengoko watsho enye inkomfa ye-Morningstar ngelo xesha. Wayengenalo uluvo malunga nokuba amasheya aya kuba okanye aphelelwe inyanga, okanye nangomnyaka, ukususela kwithuba awenza ngayo izimvo aze aguqule ukuhlengahlengiswa kwempahla yakhe . Wayeyazi nje ukuba amanqanaba ahlulo-ke awakulondolozekanga kwaye amele ukushiya ngaphandle kokungabikho kokuziphatha ngokuziphatha. Kwakungabikho nyama ephantsi (imali kunye nempahla) eninzi ye-stock market sizzle (intengo yamasheya).

Indlela engcono yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwendlela yokulinganisa kunye nendlela yokuthengisa ixesha lokuthenga iimarike kukubuza: "Kutheni le nto yenziwa?" Ukuba impendulo yinto yokuba i-asethi yinto okanye ayithandeki ngokumalunga nokuhamba kwayo kwemali kunye nempahla, ixabiso. Ukuba kungenxa yokuba kukho uloyiko okanye ithemba lokuba i-asethi iya kwanda / iyancipha kwixabiso nangayiphi na isizathu esithile - i-macroeconomic, yezopolitiko, imvakalelo-ityala lexesha.