Izindlela zokucoca eziqeshwe ngabavelisi bezothusi zixhomekeke kwimiba ye-ore, kunye nezinye izinto zezoqoqosho nezendalo. Okwangoku, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zeemveliso zethusi zehlabathi zikhishwe kwimithombo ye-sulfide.
Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwe-ore, i-ore yombini echitshiweyo kufuneka iqale igxininiswe ukususa i-gangue, izinto ezingafunekiyo ezifakwe kwi-ore.
Isinyathelo sokuqala kule nkqubo siyanqumla kwaye siphumeza i-ore kwibhola okanye intonga yendonga.
Sulfide Ores
Cishe zonke i-ores ze-sulfide-type ores, eziquka i-chalcocite (Cu 2 S), i-chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) kunye ne-covellite (CuS), ziphathwa ngokushushumbisa.
Emva kokutyhoboza i-ore ukuya kwipowder ecocekileyo, ke igxininiswa yi-froth flotation, efuna ukudibanisa i-ore ene-powder ne-reagents ezidibanisa nobhedu ukwenza i-hydrophobic. Umxube uya kuhlamba emanzini kunye ne-agent ephothuzelayo, ekhuthaza ukunyuka.
Iimfudu zomoya zityhulwa phezulu ngamanzi abumba iibhulabhu ezitshizayo amanzi atyhidiweyo aphezu komhlaba. Inqabileyo, equle malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zobhedu, i-27 pesenti yensimbi kunye ne-sulfur engama-33, igxininwe kwaye ithathwe ukuze igcobe.
Ukuba uqoqosho, ukungcola okuncinci okungenzeka kubekhona kwi-ore, loo molybdenum , inkokheli , igolide kunye nesilivere , inokuphinda iqhutywe kwaye isuswe ngeli xesha ngokuchithwa okukhethiweyo.
Kwiqondo lokushisa phakathi kuka-932-1292 ° F (500-700 ° C), ininzi yesulfur ehleliyo isatshiswa njengegesi le-sulphude, okubangela ukuxuba umxube we-oxide ne-sulfide.
Iimfluxes zongezwa kwethusi yokutsala, okwangoku malunga neepesenti ezingama-60 ezicocekileyo, ngaphambi kokuba zibuye zitshiswe, ngeli xesha ku-2192 ° F (1200C ° C).
Kulo bushushu, i-silica kunye ne-limestone fluxes zidibanisa kunye nezixhobo ezingafunekiyo, ezinjenge-oxide ene-ferrous, kwaye zizise emhlabeni ukuba zisuswe njenge-slag. Umxube oseleyo unobumba obuncibilikileyo we-sulfudi ebizwa ngokuba 'matte'.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwinkqubo yokucoca i-oxidize i-matte yamanzi ukwenzela ukususa isinyithi kwaye, kwakhona, ukutshisa umxholo we-sulfide njenge-sulfur dioxide. Isiphumo si-97-99 iphesenti yebheyili yobhedu. Igama elithi 'ubhedu obhedu' livela kumabhule aveliswa yi-sulfur dioxide ebusweni bebhedu.
Ukuze kuveliswe i-cathodes yebhanki yebhanki yamarhwebo, i-blister ithusi iya kuqala ifakwe kwii -odes kwaye iphathwe nge-electrolytically. Ukungena kwi tank yobhedu i-sulfate kunye ne-sulfuric acid, kunye nephepha lokuqala le-cathode, ithusi ye-blister iba yi-anode kwisikhululo se-galvanic. Iimbali ze-cathode zensimbi ezingenasici zisetyenziselwa kwezinye izinto zokuhlaziywa, ezifana ne-Rio Tinto's Kennecott Imayini yeCopper e-Utah.
Njengoko ikhoyo ikhoyo, ion iibhedu ziqala ukufudukela kwi-cathode, okanye iphepha lokuqala, elenza i-99.9-99.99% yecathodes yobhedu ecocekileyo.
UkuPhathwa kwee-Oxide Ore kunye ne-SX / EW
Emva kokuchoboza i-oxide ye-oxide, i-azurite (2CuCO 3 · Cu (OH) 3), i-brochantite (CuSO 4 ), i-chrysocolla (CuSiO 3 · 2H 2 O) kunye ne-cuprite (Cu2O), i-acid ye-sulfuric acid isetyenziswe umphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo kwi-leaching pads okanye kwiitanks zokulondoloza.
Njengoko i-asidi igqithisa i-ore, idibanisa nobhedu, ivelise isisombululo se-sulfate esibuthakathaka.
Isisombululo esibizwa ngokuba 'isisu' (okanye utywala okhulelweyo) sisetyenziselwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-hydrometallurgical eyaziwa ngokuba yi-solvent extraction (okanye i-SX-EW).
Isisombululo sesisombululo siquka ukususa ubhedu kwindawo yotywala okhulelweyo usebenzisa isisombululo se-organic, okanye esicacisayo. Ngexesha le mpendulo, ion iibhedu zatshintshaniswa ion hydrogen, zivumela isisombululo se-asidi ukuba sifumaneke kwaye sisetyenziswe kwakhona kwinkqubo yokuqhawula.
Isisombululo esinotyebile esityebileyo sisetyenziselwa itanki ye-electrolytic apho inxalenye yenkqubo ekhethiweyo. Ngaphantsi komrhumo wombane, ion iibhedu zifuduka zisuka kwisisombululo kwi-cathodes yethusi eyenziwa ngophethi oluphezulu lobhedu.
Ezinye izinto ezinokuthi zibekho kwisisombululo, ezifana negolide, isilivere, iplatinum , selenium kunye ne- tellurium , ziqokelele phantsi kwetanki njenge-'mila 'kwaye iyakuthi ifunyenwe ngokuqhubekayo.
I-cathode ye-electro-won wonqwelomoya yethusi inokulingana ngokulinganayo okanye ngaphezulu kunokuba iveliswe yinkonzo yokudumba, kodwa idinga enye kwikota enye kwisithathu inani lemandla nganye kwiyunithi yokuvelisa.
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-SX-EW kuye kwavumela ukukhutshwa kweethusi kwiindawo apho i-acid ye-sulfuric ayifumanekanga okanye ayikwazi ukuveliswa kwi-sulfur ngaphakathi komzimba we-copper ore, kunye nakwimithombo yamaminerali ye-sulfide eyadala i-oxidized by exposure to air or bacteria leaching nezinye izinto zokuchitha inkunkuma ezabe zilahlwe ngaphambili.
I-Copper inokuthi ikhutshwe ngeyisombululo esikhulelwe nge-cementation ngokusebenzisa i-iron scrap. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuvelisa ubhedu obuncinci obungaphantsi kweSX-EW kwaye, ngoko ke, aluqhelwanga rhoqo.
In-Situ Leaching (ISL)
I-leaching leaching iye yasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela ubhedu kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo ze-ore deposits.
Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuqhuba iiplanga kunye nokupompoza isisombululo sokuxhamla - ngokuqhelekileyo i-sulfuric okanye i-hydrochloric acid-kwindawo yomzimba. I-leachate ichithe amaminerali obhedu ngaphambi kokuba ifunyenwe kwi-borehole yesibini. Ukucocwa okuqhubekayo kusetyenziswa i-SX-EW okanye imvula yamanzi ivelisa i-cathodes yorhwebo.
I-ISL idla ngokuqhutyelwa kwi-ore ephantsi yebhanki kwiindawo zokugcina ezikhoyo (ezikwaziwa nangokuthi i- stope leaching ) kwiindawo eziqingqiweyo zeemigodi ezantsi komhlaba.
I-ores yobhedu ebenakho kakhulu kwi-ISL ibandakanya i-carbonates ye-carbonates ne-azurite, kunye ne-tenorite kunye ne-chrysocolla.
Imveliso yam yomhlaba wonke yobhedu iqikelelwa yi-US Geological Survey ukuba ifinyelele kwi-toni yezigidi ezili-16.1 ngonyaka we-2011. Umthombo oyintloko wobhedu yiChile, ovelisa ubuncinane kwisithathu kwisibonelelo sehlabathi jikelele. Abanye abavelisi abakhulu baquka i-US, i-China kunye ne-Peru.
Ngenxa yenani eliphakamileyo lobhedu olucocekileyo, inxalenye enkulu yemveliso yobhedu ngoku ivela kwimithombo esele ibuyiswe. EU.S., ii-akhawunti zethusi ezenziwe ngokutsha malunga neepesenti ezingama-32 zonikezelo zonyaka. Ehlabathini lonke, eli nani liqikelelwa libe lisondele kuma-20 ekhulwini.
Owona mveliso omkhulu wenkampani yezobhedu emhlabeni wonke yi-Codelco yelizwe laseChile. I-Codelco ivelise i-1.76 yezigidi zeetoni zamatri elicwengekileyo ngo-2010, okanye malunga ne-11% yemveliso yehlabathi jikelele. Abanye abavelisi abakhulu baquka i-Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold Inc., iBHP Billiton Ltd. kunye ne- Xstrata Plc .
Imithombo
Schoolscience.co.uk. I-Copper - Eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Imayini yeCopper.
URL: http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/cda/14-16/cumining/copch2pg2.html
Wikipedia. Iindlela zoKhutshwa kweCopper.
I-URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction
UMbutho woPhuhliso lweCopper. U ku velisa.
URL: https://www.copper.org/education/copper-production/