Ukususela kwinkulungwane yesithoba kwi-AD (nangona iimbali-mlando zisaqinisekanga malunga nomhla owenziwe ngawo) kwiminyaka ye-1800, umpu omnyama wawukuphela kwezinto ezikhoyo ezikhoyo. Uhlobo oluthile lweziqhumane lwalusetyenziselwa nje njengesiqhumiso seembhamu kunye nenjongo yokungcolisa kunoma yimuphi umkhosi wezempi, ombini kunye nesicelo sobunjineli.
I-Industrial Revolution yathatha ukufumana ezintsha kwiindawo zokuqhuma kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuqalisa. Ngoko-ke, umgaqo-mbono usebenza phakathi kwezempi kunye nokusetyenziswa kombutho wezibhamu, ngenxa yemveliso entsha yezoqoqosho, ukuxhatshazwa, amandla, ukuchaneka okanye amandla okugcinwa ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, amacala athile afana nemikhosi ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa ekubhubhiseni kwezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-ANFO (ANFO isichazi somxube we-Ammonium Nitrate Oil Fuel), nangona kwasekuqaleni kuphuhliswe ukusetyenziswa kwimigodi, iyakwazisa umkhosi.
Iindwendwe eziNcinci eziMgangatho oPhezulu kunye namaGosa aphezulu
Iimvula zamachiza ziyimichiza, kwaye ngoko kunjalo, ziphendula. Iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuphendula (ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa) kuvumela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweziqhubi eziphakamileyo neziphantsi.
Oku kuthiwa "ukuqhuma kwezinto eziphantsi" okanye "ukuqhuma okuphantsi," njengoBlack Powder, bavame ukuvelisa inani elikhulu lokushisa nokutshisa kwizantya ezisezantsi.
Le mpendulo ibizwa ngokuba yi-deflagration. Iziqhumane eziphantsi azivelisi ukutshitshiswa kwamaza.
Ipropellant for bullet bullet okanye i-rockets, i-fireworks, kunye nemiphumo ekhethekileyo zezicelo eziqhelekileyo zeziqhumane eziphantsi. Kodwa nangona ukuqhuma okuphezulu kukukhuselekileyo, izibhamu eziphantsi kusetyenziswa namhlanje kumazwe athile kwizicelo zeemayini, ngokukodwa ngenxa yezizathu zendleko.
E-US, ukusetyenziswa kweMnyama kwintsebenziswano yabasebenzi kukhishwe umyalelo ukususela ngo-1966.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "ukuqhuma okuphezulu" okanye "ukuqhuma okuphezulu," njengeDynamite, bathambekele ekukhunjuleni oko kuthetha ukuba bavelisa ukushisa okuphezulu kunye nokunyanzela ukuqhutyana nokujikeleza okuhamba ngeenxa zonke okanye ngaphezu kwejubane isandi, esiqhekeza izinto.
Ngokuchasene noko abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba iziqhumane eziphezulu zihlala zikhupha iimveliso ezikhuselekileyo (ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwizibhamu zesekondari, bhekisa apha ngezantsi). I-Dynamite iyakuncitshiswa, iyatshitshiswa ize ifakwe ingashanga ngaphandle kokuqhuma. I-Dynamite yaqulunqwa ngu-Alfred Nobel ngo-1866 ngokuchanekileyo ngaleyo njongo: ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kwe-recently-found (1846) kunye ne-nitroglycerine engaqinisekanga kakhulu, ngokuyixuba nodongwe olukhethekileyo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-kieselguhr.
Amabanga aPrayimari kunye noLwesibini kunye neMigangatho yamaQhinga ePhakamileyo
Iziqhumane zaseprayimari nezisekondari ziphantsi kwamacandelo aqhutywayo. Iikhrayitheriya ziphathelene nomthombo kunye namandla okuvuselela okuyimfuneko ukuqalisa iziqhuma eziphezulu.
- Iziqhumane zaseprayimari ziyakucinywa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yobubele babo obukhulu kunokufudumala, ukuxubana, umbane, ugesi. I-Mercury igcwalisa, i-azide iphambili okanye i-PETN (okanye i-penthrite, okanye i-Penta Erythritol iTetra Nitrate ngokufanelekileyo) yimizekelo emihle yeziqhuma eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa kumashishini okumbona. Ziyakwazi ukufunyanwa kwiimbophu zokuhlambalaza kunye neepononators .
- Izibhamu zesekondari nazo zivelele, ngokukodwa ukutshisa kodwa ziya kutshisa ukutshatyalaliswa xa zikhoyo ngobuninzi obukhulu. Oku kungathi ngathi i-paradox, kodwa i-carite ye-carite iya kutshiswa ngokutsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula ukuyithelekiswa nentonga enye ye-dynamite.
- Iziqhumane eziphezulu , ezifana ne-Ammonium Nitrate, zidinga inani elininzi lamandla ukuba lichithe, ngenxa yoko, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, zichongiwe ngokusemthethweni njengezingekho iziqhumane. Zona kunjalo ziyimveliso enobungozi kakhulu, njengoko kuboniswe ngengozi eziphazamisayo ezibandakanya i-Ammonium Nitrate kwimbali yakutshanje. Umlilo owawuncitshiswa ngamathani angama-2,300 e-ammonium nitrate yabangela ingozi yezoshishino ezona zifa kakhulu kwimbali yase-US eyenziwa ngo-Ephreli 16, 1947, eTexas City, eTexas. Ukufa kwabangama-600 kwabhalwa, kwaye abantu abayi-5 000 balimala. Iingozi ezidibanisa ne-nitmonium nitrate ziye zaboniswa kutshanje ngengozi yefeksi ye-AZF eTououse, eFransi. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngoSeptemba 21, 2001, kwindlu yokugcinwa kwe-Nitrate yabamonium wabulala abantu abangama-31 kunye nokulimala ama-2,442, ama-34 kuwo. Zonke iifestile zachithwa ngaphakathi kwimizila emithathu ukuya kweekhilomitha ezine. Imonakalo yempahla yayininzi, echazwe ukuba ingaphezu kwama-2 amabhiliyoni ama-Euro.