Imali yokugcina imali evela eBretton Woods ukuya kwiYunan yaseChina
Kungakhathaliseki, ukugcinwa kwemali kubanjwe ukuxhasa ixabiso leemali zesizwe.
Ngokomzekelo, iMexico iyinkinga ye-pesos (eyona nto i-IOUs) kubemi bayo kwaye ihlawulele ngeedola zase-US, i-euro, okanye enye imali egcinwe kwi -bhanki yayo . Amazwe angakwazi ukubamba igolide okanye ezinye iinqwelo ezixabisekileyo kwiindawo zabo zokugcina.
Kule nqaku, siza kujonga imbali kunye nekamva leemali zemali, kwakunye nendlela ezi lizwe zichaphazela ngayo iipolisi zemali ehlabathini lonke.
Imbali yeMali yeMali kunye neKamva
I dollar yaseMelika ithathe indawo yebhilidi yaseBrithani njengenqununu yehlabathi egcina imali kwi-1945 ngokuhambelana nezivumelwano zeBretton Woods . Ngeli xesha, idoli yaseMelika yayiyimali enegunya elikhulu lokuthenga kunye nemali kuphela eyayixhaswa ngegolide (nangona le nkxaso yapheliswa ngo-1973 kwisigqibo esithintekayo), ngelixa i-US ibe yimbuso yehlabathi ehamba phambili.
Kodwa, idoli yase-US ayiyona yodwa imali yokugcina imali ekhethiweyo yiNgxowa-mali yeMali yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neminye imibutho yehlabathi.
I- euro kunye neJapan yaseJapan baye batya ngokugqithiseleyo njengemali yokugcinwa kwemali eyanikelwa ubukhulu boqoqosho lwabo. I-China nayo ifanelekile ukuba ibe ngumdlali oyintloko njengomthengi omkhulu kunye nomthengisi kwihlabathi. Enyanisweni, i -yuan yaseTshayina yabizwa ngu-International Monetary Fund njengengxowa-mali yomhlaba wonke ngo-2015.
Ukuthandwa kweemali zeevenkile ngumsebenzi wokuzinza nokuzimela kwabo. Ngokomzekelo, i-yuan yaseTshayina ayinakuthabatha njengemali enkulu yokugcinwa kwemali ngenxa yokuxhalabisa ngokuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza okungathumela inani eliphantsi. Kwakhona kunjalo ne-euro emva kweengxaki zematyala ngo-2009 kunye neengxaki zokungena kwamanye amazwe ngo-2016-17. Le micimbi ibangele ukuxhalabisa ngokunyaniseka kwemali, okuye kwagcina idoli yaseMelika njengeyona ndawo eyaziwayo.
Imali yeMali kunye neNkqubo yeMali
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali unempembelelo enamandla kwiimali zokugcina iimali. Ubuninzi bezoqoqosho kunye nezicwangciso zokutshintshiselwa kwezinga lokutshintshiselwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukunikezelwa kwemfuno kunye nemfuno ngokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa imali yokugcina imali. Ngokomzekelo, ilizwe elikhangele ukunyusa ixabiso lemali yalo liyakwazi ukuhlawulela imali yesizwe layo kunye neendawo zayo zokugcina iimali. I-Bhanki yaseJapan iye yaziwa ngokuba yongenelela kwiimarike zemali ngokusebenzisa iimpahla zayo zangaphandle njengeempahla.
Amanye amazwe angasebenzisa izicwangciso zezinga lokutshintshiselwa ngokuchanekileyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphantsi kolu hlobo lwenkqubo, ukubonelela kunye nemfuno kunokunyusa ixabiso lemali yesizwe ephezulu okanye ephantsi. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kweemfuno zemali yesizwe (umz., Ngenxa yoqoqosho oluqinileyo) kuya kubakhokelela kwixabiso eliphezulu lemali yalo.
Yayiyindlela ekhethwa yiChina yokulawula imali yabo ngaphambi kokuba ifakishe i yuan ukufumana isimo sokugcina kwisimo sezimali sehlabathi.
Amazwe nawo aqhubeka nokubeka esweni iindleko ezinkulu zokugcina imali ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubamba kwazo akuchaphazelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali e-US kunokubangela ukuhlaziywa kwedola kunye nokuhlaziywa okulandelelweyo kwemali yemali yangaphandle. Ekugqibeleni, lo mda umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali uncedo ozuzwayo usebenzisa ezi zibonelelo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho kuphela umvuzo wemali kwilizwe leemali libhekwa njengemali 'yokugcina' emhlabeni jikelele.
Amazwe anemivuzo emininzi
Amazwe aphethe imali yokugcinwa kwemali ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ziyibonakaliso ebalulekileyo yokukwazi ukuhlawula iitalato zangaphandle, ukukhusela imali yesizwe, kwaye kwanokumisela ukulinganiswa kwekhredithi .
Kwakhona, amazwe angabamba ixabiso elikhulu lemali ngenxa yokungalingani kwezohwebo njengoko kunjalo neChina kunye ne-dollar yase-United States.
Nazi amazwe amahlanu anemali yokugcina imali engaphandle:
- I-China - $ 3.5 trillion
- IJapan - $ 1.3 trillion
- ESwitzerland - i-$ 661 Billion
- Saudi Arabia - $ 581 Billion
- Russia - $ 407 Billion
I-European Central Bank, ekhonza i-Eurozone, ibamba iimali zeemali zangaphandle zigcina imali egcinwe ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe kwisixa sama-700 eBillion - ngaphezu kweSwitzerland kunye ngaphantsi kweJapan.
Amanye amazwe azincinci kwiindawo zokugcina imali. Ngokomzekelo, iVenezuela iye yafumana i-hyperinflation ekhokelela ukufika ngo-2017 kwaye ibambe iiligidi ezimbalwa zeedola zase-US ezifunekayo ukuze zibuyisele izikweleti ezizimeleyo zedola. IArgentina nayo ibhekene nokunciphisa iindleko zemali emva kokulwa kwayo kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso embi phambi kweMacri kwawunqoba uongameli ukusuka kumaPeronists.
Amaphuzu athathweyo
- Imali yokugcina igcinwe ngobuninzi boorhulumente namaziko amaninzi njengendlela yokuhlawula ihlabathi.
- Imali yokugcinwa kwemali ingasetyenziselwa iibhanki eziphambili ukuhlawula amatyala angaphandle kunye nokukhusela imali yesizwe, ngelixa ikunceda ekuqaliseni ukulinganisa okuphezulu.
- Abaninzi abanamalungelo okugcina imali yi-China, Japan, neSwitzerland.