Njani i-Central Banks & Governments Ziyiphutha
Iingxaki zemali zizenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwimali ephelisa ekubangela ukucatshulwa kwimarike yangaphandle (forex) .
Ezi nkathazo zingabangelwa yiqela lezinto-kubandakanywa izikhonkwane zemali okanye izigqibo zomgaqo-mali-kwaye zixazululwe ngokuphunyezwa kwamanani okutshintshiselana okutshatyalaliswayo okanye ukuphepha imigangatho yemali elwa nemarike endaweni yokumkela.
Iingxaki zeNgxaki zeMali
Ingxaki yemali ibangelwa yimiba ephantsi kwezinto ezisuka kwimigaqo-siseko yebhanki ukuya kwiingcamango ezicokisekileyo-kwaye bahlala kunzima ukuqikelela kwangaphambili.
Isizathu esibalulekileyo senkcitho yemali kwixesha elidlulileyo liyilo lokungaphumeleli kwebhanki eliphambili lokugcina umyinge wezinga elimiselweyo kwizinga elijikelezayo lemali yangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, uGeorge Soros uyaqhankqalaza ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba urhulumente waseBrithani akayi kukwazi ukukhusela isithunzi se-British Pound ngeJamani yaseDritsche Mark xa iBrithani yayinexesha eliphindwe kathathu izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso laseJamani. Ekugqibeleni, i-Soros yayilungile kwaye ipiliti yawa ngokukhawuleza, yamnika iibhiliyoni zeedola ngenzuzo.
Nangona kungekho nto, ingxaki yenkcitho iyakwazi ukuguquka kwisifiso sebhanki esiphezulu sokunyusa ixabiso lemali yalo ukuze kugcinwe imali-mali kwimida yayo.
Ngokomzekelo, iimarike ezikhulayo zifumene ukuphuma kwemali ekuqaleni kwe-2014 eyayikhokelela imali yabo ukuba ihlawule ngaphantsi kwebhodi. Iibhanki eziMbindi zaphendule ngokunyusa izinga lokutsala abatshali-mali, kodwa ezi zenzalo eziphezulu zikhokelela ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuxabiseka kwangempela.
Kwamanye amaxesha, amazwe angathanda ukugcina imali yawo phantsi ngokukhawuleza ukuvuselela imfuno yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Umzekelo ogqwesileyo kakhulu weli yiTshayina, owawugcina umgodla ngeDola laseMelika iminyaka emininzi. Nangona urhulumente engakaze abe neengxaki ekukhuseleni umkhonkwane - ngokubulela kwiindawo zayo ezinkulu zokugcina, kuye kwabangela ukungalingani kwezinye iindawo zemarike.
Iingxaki zeNkcazo zeMali
Zininzi izisombululo ezinokwenzeka kwiinkathazo zemali, kuquka amanyathelo amaninzi okuthintela angathathwa ukukhusela ingxaki esenzekayo.
Isisombululo esihle kwiinkathazo zemali siyabakhusela kwindawo yokuqala kunye namanyathelo okuthintela. Izinga lokutshintshiselana kwamanzi zivame ukuphepha iingxaki zemali ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imarike isoloko ibeka ixabiso, ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo yokutshintshiselwa ngokukhawuleza apho iibhanki eziphambili kufuneka zilwe kwiimarike. Ngokomzekelo, ukulwa kweBrithani noGeorge Soros kwakufuneka ibhanki eliphambili lichithe iibhiliyoni ukukhusela imali yayo ngokuchasene nabalingisi, oko kwakungenakwenzeka ukugcina.
Iibhanki eziphambili nazo kufuneka ziphephe imigaqo-mali yemali ebandakanya ukurhweba kwiimarike ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko yokuthintela ingxaki enkulu. Ngokomzekelo, uqoqosho olusakhulayo lweemarike luye lwamkela ukungabi nako ukuphuma kwemali kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokutshala imali ekutsaleni utsalo-mali olwangaphandle ngaphandle kokuzama ukuphakamisa amaxabiso enzala ekugqibeleni ukuhlawula iindleko zeebhanki ezinkulu.
Kwakunokukunceda ekukhuliseni amazwe angaphandle kunye nokuphucula uqoqosho lwazo lwasekhaya.
Umzekelo weMali yeMali
Iingxaki zemali ziye zenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwixesha le-Latin American debt debts kwiminyaka ye-1980 kunye nemibandela yangaphambili kwimbali.
Inkathazo yemali yaseLatin America ngo-1994 mhlawumbi enye yeenkcenkcesha zemali ezaziwa kakhulu. Emva kokuba uqoqosho lwaseMexico luqalise ukuphuculwa kunye nokugcinwa kwamanye amazwe, abatyali-zimali baqala ukwesaba ukuba ilizwe liya kuhlawula ityala layo. Ezi nkxalabo zaba luhlobo lwesiprofeto esizizalisekisayo xa ilizwe liphoqelelwe ukuba lihlawule imali yalo ngo-1994 kwaye liphakamise amazinga omyinge malunga nama-80% ekugqibeleni aphethe umrhumo kwimveliso yakhe yasekhaya (GDP).
Inkathazo yezimali yase-Asia ka-1997 yinto enye eyaziwayo yenkathazo yemali. Emva kokufumana ukukhula ngokukhawuleza ngawo wonke ama-1990, i-"tiger" yezoqoqosho ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiityala zangaphandle ukuxhasa ukukhula kwazo, ngoko ke xa iipompo zacinywa zazama ukuhlangabezana neentlawulo zematyala.
Izinga lokutshintshiselwa ngokuthe tye zazinzima kakhulu ukugcina njengoko utyalo-mali ekhulisa ukukhathazeka malunga nemingcipheko engafanelekanga kunye nokulinganiswa kweemali kuye kwehla kakhulu.
Izifundo zabaTyalo-mali
Abatyalomali kufuneka bahlale beqaphela ukuchithwa kwemali xa besenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali. Amaxesha amaninzi, kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela iingxaki ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuba ziphakame ngendlela ethile, nangona ixesha leemarike linzima kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukungalingani kwemali kunokuba lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuhlawula iphothifoliyo engxamnye nobungozi kunokuba lixesha lokuthatha ibhetti enkulu malunga nemali okanye ilizwe.