Indlela uGoror Soros ehlawula ngayo iBhanki yaseNgilani
UGeorge Soros mhlawumbi ungumthengisi wemali eyaziwayo kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yokubheja kwakhe ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye neBhanki yaseNgilani, kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba nguLwesithathu omnyama. Ngeendleko ze-3.3 billion zeebhiliyoni, ibhanki ephakathi yaseBrithani ayikwazanga ukuzikhusela ekuhlaselweni kwiimarike zemali , kwaye uMnu. Soros wenza imali eyi-1 billion yezigidi ngenzuzo ngenxa yoko.
Kule nqaku, siza kujonga oko kwenzekayo ngoLwesithathu omnyama kunye nezinye izifundo ezivela kwiingxaki kwiibhanki ezinkulu kunye noorhulumente kwixesha elizayo.
Ukubeka iSiteji soMnyama ngoLwesithathu
I-Euro Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) yayisetyenziswe ngo-Matshi ka-1979 ukwenzela ukunciphisa izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwemali kunye nokuzinzisa umgaqo-mali weYurophu ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe imali eqhelekileyo ekugqibeleni iyaziwa njenge-euro. Elula, i-ERM ibeka umgama ophezulu nangaphantsi apho izinga lokutshintshana lingahlukahluka- laziwa njenge-peg-peg.
UBrithani ekuqaleni wayeka ukujoyina i-ERM xa ivela, kodwa kamva wamukela umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni owawunomthunzi weDeutsche Mark. Ngo-Oktobha ka-1990, ilizwe ligqibelele ukujoyina i-ERM emva kokuxhaswa kobunkokeli, ukuthintela imali yayo ukuba ishintshe ngaphezu kwe-6% kwinqanaba elithile ngokungenelela kwimarike yemali kunye neendlela zokulwa nazo.
Izizathu Zesixholongwane Esigxathu seMnyama
Xa iBrithani ijoyine i-ERM, izinga libekwe kwi-2.95 Deutsche Marks nganye ngePound Sterling nge-6% ukunyuswa okuvumelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na indlela.
Ingxaki kukuba izinga lokunyuka kwexabiso lelizwe lalingamaxesha amathathu kwiJamani, inzala yenzalo yayingama-15%, kwaye ukuhluma kwezoqoqosho kwelizwe bekude kube lixesha lokukhula okungapheliyo-ukusekwa kwinqanaba lexesha elikhuselayo.
Abathengi bemali baqaphele ezi ngxaki kwaye baqalisa ukuthengisa ngokufutshane i-Pound Sterling - oko kukuthi, ukuboleka nokukhawuleza ukubaguqula imali yangaphandle kunye nesivumelwano sokuguqula kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.
UGeorge Soros wayengomnye walaba bathengisi beemali abathengiswayo, abambisa isikhundla esifutshane esingaphezulu kwe-10 billion yePound Sterling.
NgoLwesithathu omnyama kunye nemva
Unkulumbuso wase-UK kunye namalungu eKhabhinethi agunyazisiwe ukuchitha iibhiliyoni zeePounds zeSterling ngenzame yokuqulatha ukuthengiswa okufutshane ngabacwanisi. Ukongezelela, urhulumente waseBrithani wachaza ukuba uza kuphakamisa amaxabiso omyinge ukusuka kwi-10% ukuya kwi-15% ukuzama ukutsala abathengisi bemali bafuna isivuno esikhulu kwiimali zabo.
Ngelishwa, abaqapheli beemali babengakholelwa ukuba urhulumente uya kwenza kakuhle kulezi zithembiso kwaye waqhubeka ekhatyathwa kwePound Sterling. Emva kwentlanganiso engxamisekileyo phakathi kwamagosa aphezulu, ilizwe lagqitywa ukuba lihoxise kwi-ERM kwaye makabeke ixabiso lemarike ekuhlawuleni imali yayo kumanqanaba afanelekileyo (aphantsi).
Leli lizwe lalixoshwe ngokukhawuleza emva kweemali , kunye nabemi baseBrithani bebhekiselele kwi-ERM njengo-"Unternal Recession Machine". Nangona urhulumente alahlekelwe yimali eninzi, abapolitiki abathile bayakuvuyela i ntlekele ye-ERM eyenzekayo, kuba yatshintshile indlela yokuba urhulumente okhuselekileyo angene ngaphakathi aze avuselele uqoqosho.
Izifundo ezivela kuLwesithathu omnyama
ULwesithathu omnyama ufundisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo kubarhwebi kunye noorhulumente, kuquka nezifundo ezinokumangalisa abafundi.
Ngokomzekelo, i-statistical data ibonisa ukuba uqoqosho lwaseBrithani lukhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-ERM ngaphandle kwamanani apapashweyo, kwaye ukuhlaselwa kwemali kunokuthi kunokuba kubekho ngenxa ye-afterson.
Izifundo zoorhulumente ziquka:
- Musa ukuLawula iRhafu yeNzala - Iirhafu zenzala ze-ERM zenziwe iJamani eJamani xa kwakufuneka zibekwe yiYurophu eYurophu.
- Khetha iimfazwe zakho malunga nabaxeli - Ukuthatha amanyathelo angqongqo ekunciphiseni amanyathelo athengisa amashishini ngokuqhelekileyo kuyinto engenamsebenzi (kwaye ibiza).
Izifundo zabahwebi bemali ziquka:
- Akukho nto engenakwenzeka - Ukuhamba kweBrithani ukusuka kwi-ERM kwakungenakucingca kubo abaninzi ngexesha leengxaki, kodwa noorhulumente benza iimpazamo ezinkulu.
- Yilungele iMilinganiselo eNgqongqo - isinqumo saseBrithani sokunyusa ixabiso lentengo malunga no-2% ukuya kwi-5% ngosuku olulodwa lubonisa ukulungiswa kombuso onokwenzeka.
Izigqibo
ULwesithathu omnyama uyaziwa ngokuba ngumthengisi wemali ye-billionaire uGeorge Soros waphula iBhanki yaseNgilandi waza wenza ngaphezu kwe-1 billion. Kodwa, iifundo zangempela zifunyaniswa ngokuhlalutya izizathu eziphambili zeengxaki kunye nendlela ezikhokelela ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki. Ngokuqonda le micimbi, iibhanki eziphambili ziyakwazi ukuphepha iingxaki ezizayo ezibangelwa yimithintelo yokulawula.