Ubume beSitokhwe seShishini kunye nendlela iShishini ekhutshwe ngayo
Ekugqibeleni, ngokufunda nokufunda ezi zifundo, yithemba lam lokuba uya kuba nako ukuthabatha isalathisi kwaye uyayiqonda ngokwenene ukuba amanani athetha ntoni. Kule sitofu sokuqala, siza kuxubusha ukuba kutheni i-market market ekhona kwaye ichaze indlela ishishini lihamba ngayo ekubeni yinkampani encinci, eyinkampani eneenkampani kunye ne-stock market.
Imigomo yeMali
Kule nqaku kunye nabanye apha kule ndawo, uza kufumana imigangatho yezemali onokungaqhelekanga. Andiyi kungena kwi-deep deep here, kodwa le miqathango ilandelayo yinto eqhelekileyo.
- Iintlawulo ngeSabelo ngasinye : Imali yenzuzo apho isabelo ngasinye sinelungelo.
- Ukuya koLuntu : Hlanganisa xa inkampani iceba i-IPO.
- I-IPO : Mfutshane ukunikezelwa koMphakathi kokuQala. I-IPO yinto xa inkampani ithengisa isitokeni ngokwayo okokuqala.
- I-Cap Cap Market : Inani lemali oya kufuneka uyihlawule ukuba uthenge enye isabelo esinye kwisitishi kwinkampani. (Ukubala iifowuni zeemakethe , phinda inani lezabelo ngexabiso ngalinye ngesabelo.) Mfutshane kwiMali yeMali.
- Yabelana : Isabelo, okanye isisitye esisinye esifanayo, simele ubunini bomnini-mali "kwingxenye" yeenzuzo, ilahleko kunye nepahla zeenkampani. Yadalwa xa ishishini lizenzele izicucu kwaye lizithengise kubatyalomali ngokuchishina ngemali.
- Uphawu lweTikiti : Iqela elincinci leeleta ezimela isitokethi esithile (umzekelo, "Inkampani yeCoca-Cola" inesimboli seelayi "KO", "uJohnson & Johnson" unesimboli seelayiti "JNJ")
- Umgcini- phantsi : Iziko lezemali okanye ibhanki yotyalo-mali eyenzileyo zonke iimaphepha kunye nokucwangcisa i-IPO yenkampani.
Isingeniso kwi-Stock Market
Imarike yemasheya ingaba ngumthombo omkhulu wokudideka kubantu abaninzi. Umntu oqhelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo uwela kwelinye lamacandelo amabini. Owokuqala ukholelwa ukuba utyalo-mali luhlobo lokugembula; bayaqiniseka ukuba xa utyalo-mali, uya kuba nokuphela kokulahlekelwa yimali yakho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi ntshutshiso ziqhutywa ngamava oomntu osapho kunye nabahlobo abafumana iintlungu ezifanayo okanye bahlala kwiCreatression Depression. Ezi mvakalelo azixhomekeke kwiinyani. Omnye okholelwa kulo mgca wokucinga akaqondi nje ukuba yintoni imarike yesitishi okanye ukuba kutheni.
Udidi lwesibini luquka abo baziyo ukuba kufuneka batyalile ixesha elide, kodwa abazi ukuba baqale kuphi. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba utyalo-mali luhlobo oluthile lomlingo omnyama abantu abambalwa kuphela abazi ukuba basebenzise. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, bashiye izigqibo zabo zezezimali ukuya kubaqeqeshi kwaye abanakukuxelela isizathu sokuba banesitokethi esithile okanye i-fund . Isimbolo sabo sokutshala imali lukholo oluyimfama okanye lukhawulelwe "Esi sitshixo senyuka ... sifanele sizithenge." Nangona kungabonakali ngathi kusemhlabeni, eli qela lisengozini enkulu kuneyokuqala.
Batshala njengezihlwele baze bazibuze ukuba iziphumo zabo zidibeneyo (okanye kwezinye iimeko, eziphazamisayo).
Kuloluhlu lwezifundo, ndazibonakalisa ukuba umtyalo-mali oqhelekileyo unokuhlalutya iphepha lokulinganisela lenkampani, kwaye emva kwezibalo ezimbalwa ezilula, kufika kukholelwa ukuba "yinyaniso", okanye ixabiso langaphakathi lenkampani. Oku kuya kuvumela umntu ukuba abuke kwisitokisi kwaye azi ukuba kulungele, umzekelo, i-R40 engesabelo ngasinye. Oku kunika umnini-mali ngamnye inkululeko yokukwazi xa ukhuseleko lungafanelekanga, ukwandisa ukubuyiswa kwexesha elide ngokubanzi, okanye ngaphezu kwexabiso.
Ubume Boshishino kunye ne-Stock Market
Ngaphambi kokuba sihlolisise indlela yokuxabisa inkampani, kubalulekile ukuqonda uhlobo lwama shishini kunye nemakethe yemasheya. Leli lilitye lembombo lokufunda ukutshala imali kakuhle.
Phantse yonke inkampani enkulu yaqala njengento encinci, umama-nop-pop, kwaye ngokukhula, yaba yimidaka yemali. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2016, i-Wal-Mart, i-Amazon.com kunye noMcDalalds bedibanise inzuzo ye-$ 20.7 yezigidigidi ekupheleni konyaka. UWal-Mart wayengowomsebenzi omnye wesitolo e-Arkansas. I-Amazon.com yaqala njengowomthengisi we-intanethi kwigalaji. UMcDonalds wayeyindawo yokutyela encinci apho kungekho mntu ngaphandle kweSan Bernardino, eCalifornia owayeseva. Ezi nkampani ezincinci zikhula njani ukusuka kumashishini amancinci, amashishini asekuhlaleni amagosa amathathu kumashishini amakhulu kunazo zonke zaseMelika? Bakhulisa inkunzi ngokuthengisa i-stock ngokwabo.
Xa inkampani ikhula, inzima enkulu isoloko iphakamisa imali eyaneleyo yokwandisa. Abanikazi baninzi banokukhetha ezimbini ukunqoba oku. Banokuboleka imali kwi-bhanki okanye kwi-capitalist venture, okanye bathengise inxalenye yoshishini kubatyalomali kwaye basebenzise imali yokuxhasa ukukhula. Ukuthatha imali mboleko kuqhelekileyo, ngokulula kulula ukuyifumana, kwaye luncedo kakhulu - ukuya kwinqanaba. Amabhanki akayi kuboleka imali rhoqo kwiinkampani, kwaye abaphathi abanomdla ngokubanzi bangayenza iboleke kakhulu ekuqaleni, okwenza kubekho umonakalo kwibhalansi. Izinto ezifana nalezi zivame ukugxotha abanikazi bamashishini amancinci ukuba bakhuphe iimpahla. Ukutshintshana ngokushiya iqhezu elincinci lokulawula, banikwa imali yokwandisa ishishini. Ukongeza kwimali engenakho ukuhlawulwa kwakhona, "ukuhamba esidlangalaleni" [njengoko kubizwa kwayo xa inkampani ithengisa isitokeni ngokwayo okokuqala] inikezela abaphathi bezoshishino kunye nabanikazi ithuluzi elitsha: endaweni yokuhlawula imali ukufumana, bangasebenzisa isitoko sabo.
I-Stock ikhutshwe njani?
Ukuqonda kangcono indlela ukukhutshwa kwesitokisi kusebenza ngayo, makhe sijonge inkampani eneqhinga "ABC Furniture, Inc." Emva kokutshata, isibini esitshatileyo sagqiba ukuqala ishishini. Kuya kubavumela ukuba bazisebenzele ngokwabo, kunye nokucwangcisa iiyure zabo zokusebenza malunga nosapho lwabo. Bobabini umfazi nomfazi bahlala benomdla omkhulu kwifenitshala, ngoko banquma ukuvula ivenkile kwindawo yakubo. Emva kokuboleka imali kwi-bhanki, baqamba inkampani yabo "ABC Ifenitshala" kwaye baya kwi shishini. Ngethuba leminyaka embalwa yokuqala, inkampani ingenzi inzuzo encinci ngenxa yokuba i-earnings iyalinywa kwisitoreji, kuthengwa i-inventory eyongezelelweyo kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo kunye nokwandisa isakhiwo ukuze kulungiswe izinga lokuthengisa.
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ishishini likhule ngokukhawuleza. Esi sibini siye sakwazi ukuhlawula ityala lenkampani, kwaye inzuzo ingaphezu kwama-$ 500,000 ngonyaka. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-ABC ifowuni inokuyenza nakwizixeko ezininzi ezikufutshane, esi sibini sinquma ukuba sifuna ukuvula amasebe amabini amatsha. Baphanda iinketho zabo kwaye bafumanisa ukuba kuya kuhlawula i $ 4 yezigidi ukunyusa. Abafuni ukuboleka imali kwaye bahlawulelwe ngentlawulo yesithabathaba kwakhona, banquma ukuthengisa impahla kwi-nkampani.
Inkampani ihambela "umgcini-phantsi", onjengeGoldman Sachs okanye uJP Morgan, othululela iinkcazo zabo zezimali kwaye anqume ukubaluleka kweshishini. Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, i-ABC Ifenitshala ifumana i-$ 500,000 emva kwenzuzo yerhafu ngonyaka. Inokubaluleka kwencwadi eyi-$ 3 yezigidi [ukubaluleka komhlaba, isakhiwo, isisombululo, njl. Kucatshulwa ngetyala lekampani]. Umgcini-phantsi uyaphanda kwaye afumene i-stock fenitshala yesitishi ithengisa ngamaxesha angama-20 amaxabiso [umxholo esiza kuxoxa ngawo ngokubanzi ngokubanzi].
Ithetha ntoni le nto? Ngokucacileyo, uya kwandisa imali engama-$ 500,000 ngo-20. Kwiimeko ze-ABC, impendulo i-$ 10 yezigidi. Yongeza kwinani leencwadi, uze ufike kwi $ 13 yezigidi. Oku kuthetha, kwimbono yomgcini-phantsi, i-ABC Ifenitshala ifanele i-$ 13 yezigidi.
Isibini sethu esitshatileyo, ngoku sele sineminyaka engama-30, kufuneka sinqume ukuba ingaba yintoni inkampani abazimisele ukuyithengisa ngayo. Okwangoku, banabo 100% beshishini - yinto yabo ngokupheleleyo. Xa bathengisa ngokuthe xaxa, imali engaphezulu abaya kuphakamisa, kodwa kufuneka bahlale bekhumbula ukuba ngokuthengisa ngaphezulu, baya kubeka inxalenye enkulu yobunini babo. Njengoko inkampani ikhula, ukuba ubunini buya kubaluleka ngakumbi, ngoko ke usomashishini osisilumko akayi kuthengisa ngaphezu kokuba ayenayo.
Emva kokuxubusha, esi sibini sinquma ukugcina i-60% yenkampani kwaye ithengise enye i-40% kuluntu njengesitokisi. [Oku kuthetha ukuba baya kugcina i-$ 7.8 yezigidi zexabiso, kwaye ngenxa yokuba baninzi isitokiselwano, baya kuhlala belawulwa kwile venkile.] Ezinye i-40% ezithengiswa kuluntu zibiza i-$ 5.2 yezigidi. Umgcini-phantsi ubona abatyali-mali abazimisele ukuthenga isitokethi kwaye banike isheke kwi-$ 5.2 yezigidi kwi sibini.
Nangona banabantwana abangaphantsi kwenkampani, isigxina sabo siya kuba nethemba ngokukhawuleza ngoku ukuba banendlela yokwandisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukusebenzisa imali kwiminikelo yabo yoluntu, i-ABC Ifenitshala iqalisa ngokuphumelelayo ivenkile ezimbini ezitsha kwaye ine-$ 1.2 yezigidi ngemali eseleyo [khumbula ukuba yayiya kubiza i-$ 4 yezigidi kwiivenkile ezitsha]. Ishishini libhetele ngakumbi kumasebe amatsha. Izitolo ezimbini ezitsha zenza i-$ 800,000 ngonyaka kwintlawulo nganye, ngelixa isitolo esidala sisenza i $ 500,000 efanayo. Phakathi kweentengiso ezintathu, i-ABC ngoku yenza inzuzo yonyaka ye-2.1 million yezigidi.
Ezi ziindaba ezilungileyo kuba, nangona bengenalo inkululeko yokuvala ivenkile kwakhona, ishishini ngoku lixabiswe kwi $ 51 yezigidi [phinda i-earnings entsha ye-2.1 yezigidi ngonyaka ngonyaka we-20 kwaye ungeze inani lexabiso le-$ 9 yezigidi (nganye isitoreji sinenani lexabiso leebhiliyoni ezigidi ezingama-3)]. Isigxina se-60% sithatha i-$ 30.6 yezigidi.
Ngalo mzekelo, kulula ukubona indlela amashishini amancinci abonakala ahlaselwa ngayo xa ehamba esidlangalaleni. Abanikazi bokuqala beenkampani, ngandlela-thile, bacebile ngobusuku bonke. Ngaphambi kokuba, inani abanokuthi bathathe kulo shishini likhawulelwe kwinzuzo eyenziwe. Ngoku, bakhululekile ukuthengisa izabelo zabo kwinkampani nganoma naliphi ixesha, ukunyusa imali ngokukhawuleza.
Le nkqubo isiseko seWall Street. Imarike yemasheya yintloko, ingundoqo yayo, kwintengiso enkulu apho ubunini kwiinkampani ezifana ne-ABC Ifenitshala zithengiswa kumthengi ophezulu ngosuku. Ngenxa yobuntu kunye neemvakalelo zokwesaba nokuhaha, inkampani inokuthengisa ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ixabiso elingaphantsi kwayo. Umsebenzi omhle wotyalo-mali ukufumanisa ezo nkampani ezithengisa ngaphantsi kwexabiso lawo kwaye zithenga kangangoko zinako.